GAFAM: obani? Kungani (ngezinye izikhathi) besabeka kangaka?

I-Google, i-Apple, i-Facebook, i-Amazon, iMicrosoft… Iziqhwaga ezinhlanu zaseSilicon Valley esiziqoka namuhla ngesifushaniso esithi GAFAM. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, ezezimali, i-fintech, ezempilo, ezezimoto… Ayikho indawo eziphunyuka kuzo. Umcebo wabo kwesinye isikhathi ungadlula owamanye amazwe athuthukile.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-GAFAM ikhona kubuchwepheshe obusha kuphela, unephutha! Lezi ziqhwaga ezinhlanu ze-High Tech zitshale imali kwezinye, zaze zafinyelela ezingeni lokuthuthukisa amayunivesiti abonakalayo, njengephrojekthi. I-Metaverse ye-Meta, inkampani yabazali Facebook. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwengama-20, lezi zinkampani sezithathe indawo ephambili. 

Ngayinye yazo inemali yemakethe engaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-1 zamadola. Eqinisweni, ilingana nengcebo yaseNetherlands (GDP) nokho ekleliswe endaweni ye-000 yezwe elicebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ayini ama-GAFAM? Yini echaza ukuphakama kwawo? Uzobona ukuthi yindaba ethokozisayo, kodwa eye yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu nhlangothi zombili.

I-GAFAM, kuyini?

Ngakho-ke elithi “Big Five” nelithi “GAFAM” amagama amabili asetshenziselwa ukusho -Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft. Bangama-heavyweights angaphikiswa weSilicon Valley kanye nomnotho womhlaba. Ndawonye, ​​bahlanganisa imali yemakethe ecishe ibe ngamabhiliyoni angama-4,5. Basohlwini olukhethiwe lwezinkampani zaseMelika ezicashunwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke bakhona kuhlelo NASDAQ, imakethe yamasheya yaseMelika egcinelwe izinkampani zobuchwepheshe.

I-GAFAMs i-Google, i-Amazon, i-Facebook, i-Apple ne-Microsoft yizinkampani ezinhlanu ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni mayelana nokutshala izimali ezimakethe. Lezi ziqhwaga ezinhlanu zedijithali ziphethe imikhakha eminingi yemakethe ye-inthanethi, futhi amandla azo akhula minyaka yonke.

Inhloso yabo icacile: ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile imakethe ye-inthanethi, kuqala ngemikhakha abayijwayele futhi kancane kancane wengeze okuqukethwe, izinhlelo zokusebenza, izinkundla zokuxhumana, izinjini zokusesha, amathuluzi okufinyelela kanye nengqalasizinda yezokuxhumana.

Lezi zinkampani sezivele zibambe iqhaza elikhulu emakethe ye-inthanethi, futhi amandla azo ayaqhubeka nokukhula. Bayakwazi ukuzibekela izindinganiso zabo futhi bakhuthaze izinsizakalo nemikhiqizo evumelana nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banezindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali futhi bathole ukuqala okuthembisayo kakhulu, ukuze bandise umbuso wabo wedijithali.

Ama-GAFAM abe abalulekile kubasebenzisi abaningi be-inthanethi, kodwa amandla awo avame ukugxekwa. Impela, lezi zinkampani zinokulawula okucishe kube okuphelele emikhakheni ethile yemakethe ye-inthanethi, okungaholela ekusebenziseni kabi amandla kanye nemikhuba ephikisana nokuncintisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono labo lokuqoqa nokucubungula idatha yomuntu siqu yabasebenzisi be-inthanethi ngokuvamile libhekwa njengokuhlasela kobumfihlo. kwe

Naphezu kokugxekwa, ama-GAFAM ayaqhubeka nokubusa imakethe ye-inthanethi futhi lokhu akunakwenzeka ukuthi kushintshe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Lezi zinkampani sezibalulekile kubasebenzisi abaningi be-inthanethi, futhi kunzima ukucabanga ikusasa ngaphandle kwazo.

IPO

I-Apple yinkampani endala ye-GAFAM ngokwe-IPO. Yasungulwa ngo-1976 ngosaziwayo uSteve Jobs, yaba sesidlangalaleni ngo-1980. Kwabe sekufika iMicrosoft evela kuBill Gates (1986), Amazon from Jeff Bezos (1997), Google from Larry Page and Sergey Brin (2004) and Facebook by Mark Zuckerberg (2012) ).

Imikhakha yemikhiqizo nezamabhizinisi

Ekuqaleni, izinkampani ze-GAFAM zazigxile kubuchwepheshe obusha, ikakhulukazi ngokukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza - amaselula noma amisiwe - amakhompyutha noma amatheminali eselula njengama-smartphone, amaphilisi namawashi axhunyiwe. Ziyatholakala futhi kwezempilo, ukusakaza noma ngisho nemoto.

Izimbangi

Eqinisweni, i-GAFAM akulona kuphela iqembu lamafemu elikhona. Ezinye sezivele, njenge-FAANG. Sithola i-Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Google kanye neNetflix. Kuleli qembu, umdondoshiya wokusakaza usethathe indawo yenkampani yakwaRedmond. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Netflix ukuphela kwefemu egxile kubathengi uma kuziwa kokuqukethwe kwe-multimedia, nakuba i-Amazon kanye - mhlawumbe ne-Apple - ilandele okufanayo. Sicabanga, ikakhulukazi, nge-Amazon Prime Video. Siphinde sikhulume ngeNATU. Ngokwengxenye yalo, leli qembu lihlanganisa i-Netflix, i-Airbnb, i-Tesla ne-Uber.

I-GAFAM, umbuso owakhiwe ngamatshe ngamatshe

Ukwanda okuhlanyayo kwemisebenzi yabo kuye kwaphusha izinkampani ze-GAFAM ukuthi zakhe umbuso wangempela. Lokhu kusekelwe ebuningini bokutholwa okwenziwa ngamasheya nokunye ngamafemu aseMelika.

Eqinisweni, sithola iphethini efanayo. Ekuqaleni, ama-GAFAM aqale ngobuchwepheshe obusha. Ngemuva kwalokho, amafemu anweba amatende awo ngokuthola ezinye izinkampani ezisebenza kweminye imikhakha.

Isibonelo se-Amazon

Ukuqala i-Amazon ehhovisi elincane elilula, uJeff Bezos wayengumthengisi wezincwadi olula we-inthanethi. Namuhla, inkampani yakhe isiphenduke umholi ongenambangi kwezentengiselwano ze-e. Ukufeza lokhu, yenze imisebenzi eminingi yokuthatha, njengokuthola i-Zappos.

I-Amazon iphinde yasebenza ngokukhethekile ekusabalaliseni imikhiqizo yokudla, ngemuva kokuthola i-Whole Foods Market ngesamba esilinganiselwe samadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13,7. Iyatholakala naku-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), i-Cloud kanye nokusakaza (Amazon Prime).

Isibonelo se-Apple

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkampani yeCupertino ithole cishe izinkampani eziyi-14 ezisebenza ngochwepheshe ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo kusukela ngo-2013. Lezi zinkampani futhi zazingochwepheshe ekuqashelweni kobuso, abasizi be-virtual kanye ne-software ezenzakalelayo.

I-Apple iphinde yathola ama-Beats ochwepheshe omsindo nge-$3 billion (2014). Kusukela lapho, uhlobo lwe-Apple luzenzele indawo ebalulekile ekusakazeni umculo nge-Apple Music. Ngakho-ke iba yimbangi enkulu yeSpotify.

Isibonelo se-Google

Ifemu yaseMountain View nayo ibe nesabelo sayo sokuthenga. Eqinisweni, imikhiqizo eminingi esiyaziyo namuhla (i-Google Amadokhumenti, i-Google Earth) yazalwa ngenxa yalokhu kuthathwa. I-Google yenza umsindo omkhulu nge-Android. Le nkampani yathola i-OS ngo-2005 ngesamba semali eyizigidi ezingu-50 zamaRandi.

I-appetite ye-Google ayigcini lapho. Le nkampani izimisele ngokunqoba izinkampani zobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ifu kanye nezinkampani zamamephu.

Isibonelo se-Facebook

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Facebook yayingenangqondo kunezinye izinkampani ze-GAFAM. Inkampani kaMark Zuckerberg yenze imisebenzi ekhaliphile, njengokuthola i-AboutFace, Instagram noma i-Snapchat. Namuhla, inkampani ibizwa nge-Meta. Ayisafuni ukumela inkundla yokuxhumana elula. Futhi, njengamanje ugxile kuMetaverse kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.

Isibonelo seMicrosoft

Njenge-Facebook, iMicrosoft ayinawo umhobholo uma kuziwa ekuthengeni inkampani ethile. Ikakhulukazi kwezemidlalo inkampani yakwaRedmond iziqondise yona, ikakhulukazi ngokuthola iMinecraft nesitudiyo sayo seMojang ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5. Kuphinde kwaba nokutholwa kwe-Activision Blizzard - noma ngabe lokhu kusebenza kuyindaba yezingxabano ezithile -.

Kungani lokhu kutholwa?

“Thola okwengeziwe ukuze uzuze okwengeziwe”… Eqinisweni, kufana nalokho. Lokhu ngaphezu kwakho konke ukukhetha kwamasu. Ngokuthenga lezi zinkampani, ama-GAFAM ngaphezu kwakho konke ashaqe amalungelo obunikazi abalulekile. I-Big Five nayo ihlanganise amaqembu onjiniyela namakhono aziwayo.

I-oligarchy?

Nokho, kuyisu okuyindaba ephikiswayo kakhulu. Ngempela, kwabanye ababukele, lesi yisixazululo esilula. Ngokuhluleka ukukwazi ukusungula izinto ezintsha, i-Big Five ikhetha ukuthenga izinkampani ezithembisayo.

Imisebenzi engabalahlekeli “lutho” uma kubhekwa amandla abo amakhulu ezezimali. Ngakho-ke abanye bagxeka amandla emali nesifiso sokuqeda yonke imincintiswano. Kuyisimo sangempela se-oligarchy esibekwa endaweni, nakho konke okushoyo ...

Uzofunda: Imelelani i-acronym DC? Ama-movie, i-TikTok, isifinyezo, i-Medical, ne-Washington, DC

Amandla Aphelele kanye Nengxabano "Yomfowethu Omkhulu".

Uma kunesihloko esivusa ukugxekwa ngempela, yileso sokuphatha idatha yomuntu siqu. Izithombe, imininingwane yokuxhumana, amagama, izintandokazi... Lezi izimayini zegolide zangempela ze-GAFAM. Baphinde babhekana namahlazo amaningi adicilela phansi isithunzi sabo.

Ukuputshuka emaphephandabeni, ubufakazi obungaziwa kanye nokusolwa okuhlukahlukene kuye kwathinta i-Facebook. Inkampani kaMark Zuckerberg isolwa ngokusebenzisa kabi idatha yomuntu siqu yabasebenzisi bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoMeyi 2022, umsunguli wenkundla yezokuxhumana wezwakala yi-American Justice. Kwakuyiqiniso elingakaze libonwe elabangela ukugeleza kukayinki omningi.

Umphumela othi "Big Brother".

Ngakho-ke singakhuluma ngomphumela we "Big Brother"? Lesi sakamuva, njengesikhumbuzo, simele umqondo wokugadwa kobushiqela okukhulunywe nguGeorges Orwell ku. inoveli yakhe edumile yombono ka-1984. Izinto ezixhunyiwe ziyingxenye yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke namuhla. Ziqukethe izimfihlo zethu ezisondele kakhulu.

Ama-GAFAM abe esesolwa ngokuxhaphaza le datha eyigugu ukuqapha abasebenzisi bawo. Inhloso, ngokwabagxeki, kungaba ukuthengisa lolu lwazi kwabathengi abaphezulu kakhulu, njengabakhangisi noma amanye amabhizinisi ezentengiselwano.