🍿 2022-03-11 07:19:24 - Paris/France.
- UAlicia hernandez
- Ihlabathi leendaba zeBBC
Iyure e-1
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8:00 kusasa kwakhala ifowuni: “Musa ukuphuma endlwini. Kwaqhushumba ibhombu eAtocha. Akukho mntu waziyo okwangoku ukuba kwenzeke ntoni. »
NgoLwesine, ngoMatshi 11, 2004, uninzi lwabo lwafumana umnxeba ofanayo ukuba luhlala eMadrid (eSpeyin).
Iziqhushumbisi ezilishumi zaqala ukuqhushumba koololiwe abane abahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiyure ye-7am yokungxama kwiindawo zaseMadrid belungiselela ukuya emsebenzini. I-37 ibhubhile kwaye ngaphezu kwe-192 yenzakele, lelo yinani elibi kakhulu olona hlaselo lukhulu lwejihadi olwakha lwenziwa eYurophu.
Amapolisa kamva aqhushumba izixhobo ezibini ezazingaqhushumba ngendlela elawulwayo kwaye kamva akhubaza isithathu esasiza kuba ngundoqo kuphando olukhokelele ekuchongweni kwabenzi bobubi.
Kwiminyaka eyi-18 kamva, i-Netflix documentary apho iintatheli ezininzi ze-BBC zithatha inxaxheba ityhila ezinye zezitshixo zohlaselo, iintsuku zokuxakeka ezalandelayo kunye neziphumo ebezinazo kuluntu lwaseSpain.
Ifilimu, ekhokelwa nguJosé Goméz waseMexico, i isiphumo sophando lweminyaka eli-10. Wacinga ukwenza oko xa ebona iyantlukwano yezopolitiko nentlalontle eyenziwe yi-11M.
“Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi ludla ngokubamanyanisa abantu. ESpeyin, umanyano lwahlala iiyure ezingama-24 zokuqala. Emva koko kwangena ipolitiki,” utshilo. Kule ndlela, ilizwi lamaxhoba, ahlulwe abe yimibutho emithathu, liye lahlanjululwa. “Ilizwi labantu kwakufuneka limanyane. Kwimeko yemibutho, bonke okanye akukho namnye othathe inxaxheba. »
Ukongeza kubungqina bamaxhoba, le nkqubo isekelwe kwincwadi ethi “11-M. Impindezelo ka-AlQaeda »uphando kwi UFerdinand Reinaresingcaphephe yobunqolobi behlabathi kwiziko iRoyal Elcano Institute eseMadrid.
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Intsomi,
Iinkokeli zangaphambili zase-United Kingdom, eSpain, eUnited States nasePortugal (uTony Blair, uJosé María Aznar, uGeorge W. Bush kunye noJosé Manuel Durão Barroso) bathatha inxaxheba kwi-summit yase-Azores.
1. Ubuchopho kunye neNtshukumisa
Kulingo lwe-11M, olwenzeka ngo-2007, akukho khonkco luqinisekileyo lusekiweyo malunga nombhali oyingqondi wohlaselo. Kodwa kwi-documentary, ngokophando lukaReinares, kugxilwe emntwini: UAmer Azizi, wemvelaphi yaseMorocco kwaye ngubani, ngokutsho kweCIA, waba yindoda yasekunene ka-Abu Hamza Raia, intloko yemisebenzi yangaphandle ye-Al-Qaeda.
IUnited States, iUnited Kingdom kunye neSpain, phantsi koorhulumente bakaGeorge W. Bush, uTony Blair kunye noJosé María Aznar ngokulandelelana, baseka Ubathathu emnye owayekhuthaza imfazwe yomsindokeyaqala ngoMatshi 19, 2003.
Phantse unyaka kamva, uhlaselo lwe-11M lwenzeka kwaye, kwinxalenye yoluvo loluntu lwaseSpain, imbono yaqulunqa ukuba, emva kokungena kungquzulwano, ilizwe laseYurophu lalikwi-crosshairs.
"Imfazwe Yengqumbok Ayizange incede, kodwa ayisosizathu eso. »UGomez uyalondoloza.
“Inkuthazo yimpindezelo”. Umhlalutyi uCarola García-Calvo, weRoyal Elcano Institute kunye nengcali kwi-radicalization enobundlobongela kunye nobunqolobi behlabathi, akagungqi.
Ngaphambi kokujoyina i-Al-Qaeda, u-Azizi wayeseSpain, apho wayeyi-lieutenant ka-Abu Dahdah, inkokeli yeqela. iseli yabanqolobi esekelwe eMadrid, eyenziwe nge-90s.
Yilapho ibali kunye nesizathu sokuhlaselwa kwe-11M siqala, ngokwe-documentary.
Unjingalwazi uthi: “ISpeyin iye yasebenza ngamandla ekulweni abanqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye Umhla wokuSebenza ugqamile, eyona inkulu eYurophu ukudiliza iiseli zejihadist kwaye, ngoNovemba ka-2001, ikhokelele ukubanjwa kwamalungu angaphezu kwama-20 e galelaQaeda kumhlaba waseSpain.
UDahdah wabanjwa apho. Oku akunjalo kwindoda yakhe yasekunene, uAzizi, owayephakathi kwe-Iran ne-Afghanistan ngaphambi kokuba abalekele ePakistan, apho wajoyina ikomkhulu le-Al-Qaeda.
"Wagqiba ekubeni athathe isenzo sokuziphindezela ngokuchasene neSpain malunga nomsebenzi owaqhawula iseli ye-Abu Dahdah ahlala kuyo de kube nguNovemba ka-2001," u-Reinares uyachaza kwi-documentary.
Isigqibo sokuhlasela iSpeyin senziwe eKarachi, ePakistan, kwaye isicwangciso samkelwa ziinkokeli ze-al-Qaeda kwintlanganiso eyayiseTurkey ngoFebruwari 2002, iingcali zithi.
Imithombo ye-CIA esetyenziswe kwi-documentary kunye nophando lwe-Reinares ithi iinkonzo ze-intelligence zase-US ebeyazi indima ka Azizi.
Kwityala le-11M, kwathiwa eyakhe isibinigaleladero kwayera Engaziwayo. Kodwa olu xwebhu lutyhila uxwebhu oluthunyelwe ngabezobuntlola base-US kubaphathi baseSpain "okokuqala ngoSeptemba 2006" apho kuxelwe ukuba uAzizi. uswelekilengexesha lohlaselo lwaseMelika Disemba 2005.
"Kwakhona, isaziso esibanzi sathunyelwa kwi-Azizi, imisebenzi ye-jihadist eSpain kunye nobudlelwane kunye ne-11M ngoSeptemba 2007," u-Reinares uchaza kwi-documentary.
I-Al-Qaeda yakuvuma kwaye yapapasha ukubhubha kuka-Azizi ngo-2009.
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Intsomi,
Kufuphi nesikhululo saseAtocha eMadrid kukho isikhumbuzo kumaxhoba e-11M.
2. Uqhagamshelwano lwe-11S-11M
Phakathi kohlaselo lwe iinqaba ezimbini yaseNew York kunye nePentagon yel 11 septembre 2001 kunye neMadrid, i-11M 2004, kukho ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo, ibonisa i-documentary.
Akunjalo nje ngenxa yokuba ngubani oququzelelayo kunye neziphumo ezibulalayo.
UBruce Riedel, owayengumhlalutyi we-CIA, i-arhente yezobuntlola e-United States, uthi kwi-documentary ukuba "Iziseko zophuhliso eSpain yayiyeyona nkxaso ibalulekileyo kucwangciso lwe-11/XNUMX ngaphandle kwe-Afghanistan nePakistan".
Kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambi kwe-11 kaSeptemba, u-Mohamed Atta, omnye wabaqhubi bokuzibulala, wadibana noRamzi bin al Shibb eTarragona (Catalonia) ukuze aququzelele ukuhlaselwa. Ngaloo ndlela, iseli yaseHamburg (eJamani) uAtta awayeyinxalenye yayo yangena kulwalamano nelo laseDahdah eSpeyin.
Emva kohlaselo lwase-United States, uMkomishinala Jikelele woLwazi lwePolisa yeSizwe yaseSpain, owayesele esebenza kwimiba ye-jihadism, wazibeka endleleni ye-Al-Qaeda kweli lizwe kwaye oko kwabangela ukusebenza kwe-Dátil ekhankanywe ngasentla, Ukubanjwa kuka-Dahdah kunye nombono ka-Azizi wokuziphindezela.
Ngoko ke, ngokwe-documentary, okokuqala kwakukho ukucwangciswa kwe-11/11, inxalenye yayo kunye neziseko zaseSpain; kamva 2001/11 kwenzeka kwaye emva koko. uphando oluchasene nama-jihadists lwaqina kwaze kwaba yilapho kuchithwa ikhadi lesazisi se-Dahdah eMadrid ngoNovemba XNUMX. U-Azizi, owasinda kulolu hlaselo, wacwangcisa impindezelo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-XNUMXM.
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3. I-Media Manipulation and Conpiracy Theory
Enye inqaku le-documentary echaphazelayo yimpatho eyenziwa ngumshicileli waseSpain kunye norhulumente welo xesha.
Umxholo ubalulekile: uhlaselo lwenzeka ngoLwesine kwaye, emva kweentsuku ezintathu, NgeCawa nge-14 kaMatshi, abantu baseSpain baye kuvoto ukuze bavote kunyulo jikelele. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba, kude kube yi-11M, kwingcamango ehlangeneyo yaseSpain, kunye nakwimikhosi yezokhuseleko, uhlaselo lwenziwa yi-Basque separatist group ETA.
Urhulumente wangoko owayenguMongameli uJosé María Aznar, we-Conservative People's Party, waxoxa kwasekuqaleni njengengcinga ethembeke ngakumbi yokuba ubaba waba yi-ETA. Kodwa, ukongezelela, uAznar, abamvusayo kwi-documentary. wabiza abahleli bamaphephandaba ukuba "urhulumente wayeqinisekile ukuba yi-ETA".
“Umongameli ubize abantu? Urhulumente wayebanyanzela ukuba bathethe into phambi kokuba amapolisa anike ubungqina,” utshilo. Katya Adler, intatheli evela la Udliwano-ndlebe lwe-BBC kwi-documentary kwaye ukuba ngexesha lokuhlaselwa wayehlala eMadrid.
Izihloko zatshintsha ngomzuzu wokugqibela, udliwano-ndlebe ukuba akazange emoyeni, iindaba wanika poligía ongavumelaniyo ngento ethethwe zizithethi, abanyanzelise kude kube ngumzuzu wokugqibela ukuba yi-ETA…
Kude kwathi ngezo ntsuku zintathu zazidizzy kwavela ileta kwiphephandaba laseLondon apho i-al-Qaeda yabanga uxanduva. ETn ISpain yacotha ukunika ingxelo malunga noku. Mhlawumbi ibikokokuqala kwimbali yelizwe ukuba udibane noonondaba bamazwe angaphandle ukuze ufumanise ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni ngaphakathi.
Ikwakokokuqala ukuba, kumajelo eendaba asakhulayo, kubizwe uqhanqalazo ngomhla wokucingisisa, kusuku oluphambi konyulo.
Kwii-polls, ngokuchasene nawo onke amathuba, kwaphuma UJose wakhethaet Luis Rodriguez ZapateroyeSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), kude kube ngoku ichaseneyo.
Nangona ubungqina obuphumayo, kwakukho inxalenye yokushicilela iSpanishi eyangena kwi-documentary ebizwa ngokuba "yithiyori yelenqe" apho yayikhonaou ukuxuba i-ETA kunye ne-jihadism.
“Amajelo eendaba angenele imfazwe eyityhefu. Ulawulo lolwazi lwaluyityhefu kwasekuqaleni”watsho uGomez.
umfanekiso welungelo lokushicilela Ngembeko
4. Amaxhoba
Intatheli eyaziwayo yaseSpain u-Iñaki Gabilondo ugqabaza kuxwebhu ukuba usendleleni yokukhohlisa amajelo eendaba. “Umdlalo wabafileyo uyahlanjululwa”.
Kwakhona idrama yezihlobo, zabo babekwiinqwelo kwaye babandezeleka ngenxa yemiphumo yomzimba kunye nengqondo, kunye nabasebenzi abaye bancedisa abenzakeleyo, abafayo nabafileyo.
Le ngxelo ivula ize iphele ngentaphane yobungqina, obulandelana, ngaphandle kokuchonga ukuba ngubani othethayo.
“Elona lungelo libalaseleyo, ukuzibeka ekuqaleni kwaye ngaphandle kokubalisa, ngaphandle kweekhredithi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo koko bakuthethayo, yeyona nto ichukumisayo,” utsho umalathisi wale filimu.
UGómez uthi ekurekhodweni, okubandakanya abantu abavela izizwe ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iEcuadorian, Peruvian okanye Moroccaninkathalo yathathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba akwimo engqongileyo ekhuselekileyo nesondeleleneyo. Iingcali ze-Make-up zaye zasuswa ngokomzekelo, kodwa kwakukho iingcali zengqondo ukunika le nkxaso iyimfuneko, kuba emva koko, ukuxelela i-trauma kukubuyisela kwakhona.
“Udliwano-ndlebe ngumntu okhathazekileyo, [tras la entrevista] utshatyalalisiwe. Kufuneka ubathuthuzele, ubafowunele, waziswe. Ixhoba alinakusetyenziswa. »
Ngenxa yolu khathalelo lwexhoba, kwagqitywa ukuba umhla wokukhutshwa kwe-documentary awuyi kuhambelana ne-11M. Kwakhona yaba Isigqibo sokuhlela ukuba singasebenzisi imifanekiso yevidiyo ekhoyo ukususela ngexesha lokuqhuma kwe-Atocha okanye iifoto zemizuzu yokugqibela. Imizekeliso yayikhethwa.
Nangona amagama amaxhoba angama-192 ngokuthe ngqo avela kwiikhredithi zokugqibela, i-tape nayo iyaqaphela a ixhoba lesibambiso oku akudli ngokungena kwinani elisemthethweni: ngumfazi kaRodolfo Ruiz, owayengumkomishinala wamapolisa eVallecas, kwindawo apho enye yeziqhushumbisi yaqhushumba nalapho kufunyenwe ubhaka oneziqhushumbisi.
Wayengukudla kwenkanunu kumatshini wokushicilela. Umfazi wakhe udandatheka aze azibulale. Bekukho ukunqongophala kovakalelo kwicala lamacandelo eendaba. Iziphumo azikalinganiswa..
Uxwebhu luphela ngo a ukuzinikela kumaxhoba kunye nabasindileyo lohlaselo olusahleliyo unanamhla olu lolona lubangele uninzi lwamaxhoba kumhlaba waseYurophu.
Ngoku ungafumana izaziso kwi-BBC World. Khuphela inguqulelo entsha yesicelo sethu kwaye uyisebenzise ukuze ungaphoswa ngumxholo wethu obalaseleyo.
SOURCE: Uphonononga Iindaba
Ungalibazisi ukwabelana ngenqaku lethu kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo ukusinika ukomelela okuqinileyo. 😍