📱 2022-09-05 06:01:25 - Paris/France.
Carl Marci, ugqirha wengqondo kwiMisa. ISibhedlele Jikelele kunye nosekela-njingalwazi wezifo zengqondo kwiSikolo sezoNyango saseHarvard, uthi uxhalatyiswe kakhulu kukwamkelwa kwabantwana izikrini: “Siphinda sidibanisa isizukulwana sabantu kulingo olungalawulekiyo lobugcisa obunemiphumo efikelela kude. Kwaye kufuneka sithathe ikhefu.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, uMarci wenze intetho kubafundi malunga nomsebenzi wakhe kwimpembelelo yezikrini kwiingqondo zethu. Wayebona ukuba bahoyile – ikakhulu kuba babengacofa iifowuni zabo.
Kwaye emva koko wabuza, "Bangaphi abantu apha abacinga ukuba banobudlelwane obungalunganga neefowuni zabo?" »Zonke izandla zaphakama. “Kwaye ndathi, ‘Kulungile, wonke umntu? Kwenzeka ntoni apho? Kwaye abantu abaninzi bathi, 'Akukho mntu usixeleleyo. Akukho mntu wathi, Heyi, lumka! Kwaye bayaphambana.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje oluvela kwiZiko loPhando lwePew luqaqambisa ubungakanani beefowuni ezithathele kuwo ubomi bolutsha. Malunga nesiqingatha sabakwishumi elivisayo bathi bakwi-Intanethi "phantse rhoqo," kunye namantombazana anokuthi asoloko ekwi-intanethi, kwaye ulutsha olumnyama kunye nolwaseSpanishi malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 ngaphezulu koontanga bawo abamhlophe.
UMarci, umbhali we "Rewired: Ukukhusela ubuchopho bakho kwi-Digital Age," uthi amava ethu ngee-smartphones sele ejikeleze iminyaka eyi-15 - i-iPhone yaziswa ngo-2007 - kwaye akukho sizathu sokungahoyi izifundo ezifundiswa yile minyaka. Thina. Siwanyusile amazinga “woxinzelelo, ixhala, i-ADHD, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuzibulala. …Siphazamiseke ngakumbi, sahlukene kwaye sidakumbile.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, ugqirha wotyando Jikelele uVivek Murthy uvakalise inkxalabo enzulu malunga nempilo yengqondo yabantu abancinci, ephawula ukuba phakathi kuka-2009 no-2019 kukho ukonyuka kwe-40% kwinani labafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo ababika ukuba "beziva belusizi okanye baphelelwe lithemba. Kwaye uMurthy waxoxa ngelithi itekhnoloji "inokusixabanisa omnye nomnye, yomeleza indlela yokuziphatha engalunganga njengokuxhaphaza kunye nokungabandakanywa, kwaye ijongele phantsi indawo ekhuselekileyo nexhasayo abantu abatsha abayidingayo nabayifaneleyo."
Uphononongo lwe-NIH oluqalwe ngo-2018 lwafumanisa ukuba abantwana abachitha ixesha elingaphezulu kweeyure ezimbini ngosuku lwexesha labo lokukhululeka kwizixhobo benza okubi kakhulu kwiimvavanyo zokucinga, ulwimi kunye nenkumbulo kunabantwana abachitha ixesha elincinane kwizixhobo. Kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kwi-2015, malunga ne-40% yabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-12 babenefowuni yabo. Ngoku, ngaphezu kwe-70% yenza njalo.
UMarci unenkxalabo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwefowuni kunokonakalisa ubuchopho babantwana kwixesha elide, ngakumbi i-prefrontal cortex, esinceda, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukulawula iimpembelelo zethu kwaye senze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.
Kude kube phakathi kwiminyaka yama-20s, i-prefrontal cortex yakho isakhula kwaye i-multitasking (uninzi lwento esiyenzayo ngeefowuni zethu) ibeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwi-prefrontal cortex. Ewe, uphononongo emva kophononongo lubonisa ukuba abantwana kunye nabantu abadala bayoyikeka ekwenzeni izinto ezininzi.
UMichael Rich, ugqirha wabantwana kwiSibhedlele sabantwana saseBoston ogxile kubantwana kunye namajelo eendaba, uthi ngokucacileyo ukuba "ubuchopho bethu bomntu bucinga kuphela ngejelo elinye ngexesha." Ukutshintsha imisebenzi, eyona nto siyenzayo, yindlela embi kakhulu yokwenza nantoni na.
Kodwa ukuba ungumntu okwishumi elivisayo onomdla wokuthatha ifowuni, iinyani ze-neuroscience zinokungabalulekanga. Kwaye kwanabo bethu abanee-prefrontal cortex eziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo banengxaki yokucima iifowuni zethu.
Nto leyo ngoyilo. Njengeendawo zokubeka, ii-imeyile kunye nee -apps zemidiya yoluntu zibonelela ngembuyekezo ngamaxesha. Ngamanye amaxesha ufumana umyalezo ovela kumntu omthanda ngokwenene, okanye umphathi wakho, okanye utshaba lwakho. Kodwa hayi ixesha elininzi.
Kambe ke, imvakalelo yoloyiso xa ufumana esinye sezi zigidimi zixabisekileyo idlula. Kwaye, njengakwikhasino, ekuhambeni kwexesha, indlu ihlala iphumelela.
"Eyona njongo iphambili yeenkampani ezenza amava edijithali asebenzisanayo, ngakumbi umdlalo we-intanethi kunye nevidiyo, kukuqinisa indlela yokuziphatha egcina abasebenzisi bebuya," ubhala uMarci kwi-"Rewired."
Kwaye ubona abantwana belahlekelwa bubuthongo obuninzi, kuba ukuba nefowuni efumaneka ubusuku bonke sisilingo esingenakuthintelwa. “Ndiyabaxelela abazali, ukuba bekukho umthetho omnye kuphela, ukuba unokumisela ingcebiso enye kuphela, iya kuba: beka ifowuni kude ubuncinci iyure ngaphambi kokulala. »
Kwisibhedlele saBantwana, apho isiTyebi siqhuba iKliniki ye-Interactive Media kunye ne-Intanethi yeDisorders, ubona iintsapho zifumana iifowuni zabantwana abancinci nabancinci. “Ngokunyaniseka, iinkampani ezingenazingcingo zihlala zizama ukwandisa intengiso yazo. Kwaye ke bakhula nzulu ebuntwaneni. Isityebi sicinga ukuba iinkampani zizama ukukholisa abazali ukuba iifowuni zibonelela abantwana ngokhuseleko oluthile.
KuMarci, nangona kunjalo, amava ethu kuluntu ngokubanzi kunye nabantwana kunye nezikrini akukho nto ikhuselekile. Umnqweno wokuqhubeka ubuyela kuTwitter, iTikTok okanye iYouTube iguqule iifowuni, utshilo, zaba “zizinziso zeemvakalelo,” iindlela zokulawula ukukruquka, umsindo okanye ixhala. “Kwaye eyona nto inobuqhophololo kukuba okukhona uqalisa ukuyenza, kokukhona ukhobokisa ngakumbi. Njengokuba, sele ndisokola nonyana wam oneminyaka eli-9 ubudala. … Hamba uye kudlala ipiyano, hamba ubaleka phandle. Yenza nantoni na ngaphandle kokuzithuthuzela ngeYouTube. Kuba ndiyawuva – ndiyawubona uxhuzula apho.
Abaqulunqi bomthetho banokububona ubunzulu benkxalabo yabazali. USenator waseMassachusetts u-Ed Markey ungumxhasi-mxhasi we-KIDS Act, ejoliswe ukulwa nokusetyenziswa kakubi - kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi - kwamaqonga e-intanethi ngabantu abatsha. "Iqela leqonga elinamandla le-intanethi apho abantwana kunye nolutsha bachitha ixesha labo kwi-intanethi bayingozi kubo," ubhale uMarkey.
Ngoko, kweli hlabathi lizaliswe ziimfonomfono, yintoni abafanele bayenze abazali?
UMarci noSityebi bagxininisa ukuba asingabo bonke abantwana abafana, kwaye ukugqiba iminyaka echanekileyo umntwana ngamnye kufuneka abe nefowuni akukho ngqiqo. UMarci uthi: “Ndicinga ukuba impendulo li-14 ukuya kutsho kwi-16. Ndingathanda ukuthi 18, kodwa oko akuyi kwenzeka, akunjalo? »
Isityebi ngokubanzi siyavuma ukuba isikolo esiphakamileyo lixesha elifanelekileyo lokwazisa iifowuni, nangona evuma ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukuba ngumntwana wesikolo esiphakathi ngaphandle kwefowuni.
Bobabini ogqirha baqaphela ukuba iifowuni ezivulekileyo yindawo efanelekileyo yokuqala - abantwana banokuthumela imiyalezo kwaye bafowune, kodwa abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa ifowuni kwimidlalo, iividiyo okanye imidiya yoluntu.
Yaye kubalulekile ukuba abazali babe ngumzekelo omhle. "Indlela esisebenzisa ngayo izixhobo yinto abaza kuyenza," utshilo uRich. "Umgangatho ophindwe kabini kaTata emnxebeni kwisidlo sangokuhlwa ephendula ii-imeyile kwaye ekhwaza umntwana ngokudlala imidlalo. imidlalo yevidiyo, luhanahaniso nje lomntwana. »
Abazali kufuneka bajonge iifowuni njengezixhobo, iSityebi siyaphikisana. Kwaye bafanele babuze umntwana wabo ukuba kutheni efuna ifowuni kwaye baya kubenzela ntoni. Ubungeke unike umntwana wakho isarha yombane – olunye uhlobo lwesixhobo sombane – ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba uyayazi into ayenzayo ngayo.
Inyaniso kukuba abantwana sele beqonda umphumo weefowuni. Uninzi lwabaselula abaxelele uPew ukuba "bahlala behleli" kwi-Intanethi baziva ngathi "bakumajelo eendaba ezentlalo kakhulu." Iziphumo zomntwana wethu oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala ukuzama ngabantwana kunye neefowuni kuya kucaca ngakumbi kwaye kucace. Abantwana bayayazi loo nto, nathi siyazi.
Landela uKara Miller kuTwitter @karaemiller.
SOURCE: Uphonononga Iindaba
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