✔️ 2022-08-29 02:46:00 - Paris/France.
Ukuvalwa kwe-Intanethi kuza ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukusukela ekucinyweni kobumnyama obugcweleyo ukuya kulungiselelo lohlobo lwe-screwdriver olujolise kubantu abathile. Nazi ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngoorhulumente behlabathi ukuvala i-Intanethi.
Ihamile
Ukhetho lwenyukliya. Nge-5 ka-Agasti ka-2019, urhulumente waseIndiya wobuzwe wamaHindu warhoxisa iwonga elikhethekileyo lommandla waseKashmir, ecima ukuzimela geqe. Ukwathumele amawaka emikhosi yomkhosi kwaye wasika i-intanethi, unxibelelwano lweselula kunye nomnxeba. Lo mmandla uya kuhlala ungaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi kangangeentsuku ezingama-552, olona kuvalwa ixesha elide emhlabeni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Olu hlobo lokhetho olugabadeleyo lusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi nyaka ngamnye kwixeshana elifutshane ngezizathu ezingenamsebenzi njengokuzama ukuyeka ukukopa kwiimviwo. E-Syria, inethiwekhi iphela, kubandakanywa ne-intanethi ephathwayo, ivaliwe xa abafundi bethatha iimviwo zabo zesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ngelixa iindawo zaseIndiya zivala inethiwekhi yeselula kwiimviwo zootitshala abaqeqeshwayo.
Umfazi usebenzisa ifowuni yakhe eSrinagar ngoFebruwari 2021 emva kokuba iinkonzo ze-intanethi zibuyiselwe eJammu naseKashmir emva kokuvalwa kweentsuku ezingama-552. Ukufota: I-Arhente ye-Anadolu/Imifanekiso ye-Getty
I-Screwdriver isondela
Ukuphala kwesantya: Isantya sesantya sinciphisa i-intanethi ukuze i-4G ngequbuliso ibe ngumkhenkce oyi-2G. Oku kunokuthintela okanye kulibazise iindaba zenkohlakalo okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu, njengoko isantya se-intanethi sicotha kakhulu ukuba singasasazwa okanye sikhuphele iividiyo. Ukunciphisa isantya kunokudityaniswa neendlela ezivimba ukuba amaqela athile afikelele kwi-Intanethi; umzekelo, iibhloko ezisekwe kwijografi ezijolise ngokukodwa kumaphondo arhabaxa okanye iibhloko kuqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi yabucala.
Le yokugqibela yenzeke e-Iran ngoFebruwari 2012, isikhumbuzo sesithathu sohlaziyo lwe-Twitter, xa iqonga lasetyenziselwa ukwenza uqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni ngokuchasene noloyiso lukaMongameli Mahmoud Ahmadinejad olunempikiswano. Uqhagamshelo lwe-intanethi lwabucala lwavalwa, ngelixa abasebenzisi be-intanethi abaqhutywa ngurhulumente beqhubeka nokonwabela izantya eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaququzeleli boqhanqalazo abasakwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi okanye ukugaya, ngelixa bevumela amaziko emali nawoluntu ukuba aqhubeke nokusebenza.
Uluhlu olumnyama okanye olumnyama: Ukuthintela ukufikelela kwiqonga elithile liqhinga eliqhelekileyo lokunqanda ukuhamba kolwazi kwaye kubizwa ngokuba kuluhlu lwabantu abamnyama - okanye kutshanje kuluhlu lwabantu abamnyama, njengoko uluntu lwe-cyber lusiya kulwimi olubandakanyayo. EMyanmar, nge-4 kaFebruwari, kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kobhukuqo-mbuso, umkhosi wavala uFacebook, waqhawula ngokufanelekileyo uninzi lwabantu baseBurma kwisango labo eliya kwi-Intanethi. UMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano kunye noLwazi ulungelelanise ukuvala egameni lozinzo lwesizwe, ukubhala "iindaba zobuxoki kunye nolwazi olungelulo kunye ... nokungaqondi kakuhle phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa i-Facebook".
Ukuvalwa kwe-Facebook kwaba buhlungu kubanini bamashishini amancinci abaxhomekeke kakhulu kwiqonga. 'Umama wayedla ngokupheka ukutya aze akuthengise kwiphepha lakhe likaFacebook kunye neakhawunti, ngoko wayengakwazi ukwenza ishishini lakhe kwi-intanethi,' latsho ibhinqa laseYangon, lichaza indlela ukuvalwa komsebenzi okwalitshabalalisa ngayo ishishini likanina ngexesha nje elinye.
Uqhanqalazo luka-2021 eMandalay, eMyanmar ngokuchasene nobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi. I-junta yabeka izithintelo ezinzima kwi-intanethi yeselula kunye namaqonga eendaba ezentlalo emva kokuthatha amandla. Ukufota: SH/Penta Press/Rex/Shutterstock
Uluhlu olumhlophe okanye uluhlu olumhlophe: Oku kuguqula i-Intanethi ibe yi-intranethi. Kunokuba kufakwe izinto ezimnyama kwi-intanethi evulekileyo, iiwebhusayithi zithenjwa kwi-intranethi evaliweyo, zenza igadi ebiyelweyo yamaqonga avunywe ngurhulumente. “Ibuyisela umva ukuqheleka kwe-Intanethi, apho yonke into ifikeleleka kwaye izinto ezithile kuphela ezinokuthintelwa okanye zivaliwe,” utshilo uRaman Singh woFikelelo ngoku. EMyanmar, oku kuye kwavumela umdla womkhosi ukuba usebenze kwaye uvuselele ishishini elikhubazekileyo, ngelixa liqhubeka nokuphazamisa imisebenzi yonxibelelwano enikezelwa yi-Intanethi.
Emva koko, i-junta yomkhosi yaqala ukuvavanya uluhlu lwabamhlophe. Abantu baseBurma babenokufikelela kwiiwebhusayithi ze-1 ezivunywe emkhosini, ezibandakanya iindawo zebhanki kunye nezemali, iindawo zokudlala kunye nezokuzonwabisa ezifana ne-Netflix kunye ne-YouTube, kunye nezinye iindawo zeendaba ezifana neNew York Times. Amaziko eendaba ezentlalo afana ne-Facebook kunye ne-Twitter ahlala engafikeleleki. Uqhagamshelwano lubuyile, kodwa inani leendawo ezifikelelekayo lincitshiswe kakhulu. "Enyanisweni, into abayenzileyo kukubuyisela ibhodi yobalo, kodwa kwindawo ye-intanethi," utshilo u-Oliver Spencer we-Free Expression Myanmar, ebhekisa kumbutho wovavanyo osebenze iminyaka engama-200. iminyaka de kube yi-50.
I-firewall: I-firewall yaseTshayina ngumzekelo wobumhlophe obugqithisileyo. Nangona iye yasebenzisa isitshixo sokubulala kwixesha elidlulileyo, iBeijing ibonakala ngathi iyemka kule ndlela, ixhomekeke kulawulo lwe-intanethi oluntsonkothileyo. Ngo-2009, iBeijing yanciphisa ukufikelela kwi-intanethi kwingingqi ye-Xinjiang kangangeenyanga ezili-10 emva kodushe olwaluphenjelelwa kukungavisisani ngokobuhlanga. Oku kwabonwa njengenyathelo lokuvala umbutho wezopolitiko kunye nokunciphisa iindaba zokuqhekeka okulandelayo, okohlwaya uluntu lonke.
Nangona kunjalo, nanjengoko iQela lamaKomanisi laseka amaziko amakhulu okufundisa kwezopolitiko, libamba ubuncinci i-Uyghurs yesigidi, ayizange iphinde ivale i-intanethi kulo mmandla. Enye into kukusebenza kolawulo lweBeijing kwi-intanethi, okuthetha ukuba isixhobo esibuthuntu sokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo asisadingeki; Ukubek' esweni kunye novavanyo olubonelelwe yi-Great Firewall yase-China kuthintela ngokusebenzayo uninzi lwabasebenzisi be-intanethi baseTshayina ekufikeleleni kwiwebhu yehlabathi, ngelixa benciphisa umxholo abawuthumelayo.
« Akuyomfuneko ukuba benze olu hlobo lokungcola, ukuvalwa okumdaka kwesixhobo esikhulu somsebenzi wezoqoqosho,” utshilo uSimon Angus we-Intellectual Property Observatory. “I-Intanethi ngumhlobo wabo wokuthumelelana imiyalezo nokunxibelelana. »
I-Firewall enkulu yaseTshayina ivala ngokufanelekileyo uninzi lwabasebenzisi be-Intanethi basekhaya ukuba bafikelele kwi-Intanethi yehlabathi. Ifoto: Mark Schifelbein/AP
Kolunye uhlobo lwexesha elizayo, ngokulandela umzekelo waseTshayina, ukuvalwa kwe-intanethi kungasayi kuba yimfuneko njengoko oorhulumente befezekisa ulawulo lwabo kwi-intanethi. Lo mkhwa uqhubela phambili kwi-"splinternet" kune-intanethi yehlabathi, apho i-intanethi idilizwe ibe yi-intranets elawulwa ngokuzimeleyo - ngamanye amaxesha i-hyperlocal okanye yengingqi.
Kodwa ulawulo lukarhulumente lweWebhu lujongene nomqobo omtsha: I-Intanethi ngesathelayithi.
i-intanethi yesathelayithi
Itekhnoloji ye-Starlink ka-Elon Musk isebenzisa iinkwenkwezi zesathelayithi ezikwi-orbit yomhlaba ephantsi ukuhambisa ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi ngesantya esiphezulu e-Ukraine, evumela urhulumente ukuba aqhubeke nonxibelelwano kwaye adlule kwiiseva zaseRussia, nokuba iRussia itshabalalisa kwaye iqweqwedisa iziseko ze-Intanethi zomhlaba. Unxibelelwano lomkhosi welizwe, umlo wokulwa kunye nazo zonke iziseko zalo ezibalulekileyo zibaleka kwiikiti zesathelayithi ze-Starlink, ezivumela uMongameli uVlodymyr Zelensky ukuba asasaze iividiyo zakhe zemihla ngemihla, ukomeleza isimilo selizwe kunye nokufumana inkxaso yehlabathi.
Ngokwethiyori, inkonzo ye-intanethi yesathelayithi efana ne-SpaceX's Starlink inokwenza ukucima kwe-intanethi kube yinto yakudala, nangona xa kusenziwa oku akukaphindi kuphindaphindwe kumlinganiselo omkhulu kubo bonke abantu baseUkraine. Nangona kunjalo, isithembiso sokuba iinkonzo ze-intanethi ze-satellite zinokuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba badlulele kwiibhlokhi ze-intanethi ziboniswa yonke imihla e-Ukraine. Ijongwe kakhulu ngabaphandi baseTshayina, abaphuhlisa izixhobo ezitsha zokulwa nesathelayithi.
SOURCE: Uphonononga Iindaba
Ungalibazisi ukwabelana ngenqaku lethu kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo ukusinika ukomelela okuqinileyo. 🤗