I-IR 15 ) kuyinto ulimi olufile qui yayikhulunywa e-Antiquity e-Lower Mesopotamiya. Yena kuyinto kanjalo ulimi olukhulunywa ngalo Sumer kwe IVs e et III e inkulungwane yeminyaka BC J.
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IsiSumeri .
izwe | Sumer , Akkad Empire |
esifundeni | I-Mesopotamia (i-Iraq yamanje) |
I-Typology | I-SOV, i-agglutinating, ukuphuka kwesenzo |
Ukubhala | I-Cuneiform |
Ukuhlukaniswa ngomndeni |
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Noma Ikuphi iSumer? Itholakala eningizimu ye-Iraq yanamuhla, I-Sumer i isifunda saseMesophothamiya yasendulo, inkulumo esho ukuthi: "izwe lemifula", lisuka kwelesiGrikhi elithi meso, (maphakathi), nelithi potamos (umfula).
Iyiphi inkolo yamaSumer?
Les AmaSumeri kwadingeka a inkolo uhlobo lwama-polytheistic. Onkulunkulu babukeka futhi bavame ukuziphatha ngendlela efanayo nabantu. Onkulunkulu AmaSumeri anjalo abadali bomhlaba nabantu. Umsebenzi wokugcina ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwansuku zonke konkulunkulu.
Iyiphi impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni?
Konke kwaqala eMesophothamiya, kanye impucuko yokuqala engakhonjwa. Iza emva kweGibhithe, lapho impucuko kwavela cishe ngonyaka wezi-3 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Esinye isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando entshonalanga yeMedithera, the impucuko ebizwa ngokuthi "iMinoan", ebona le usuku eKrethe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane kamuva.
Yiziphi izimpucuko eziye zaphawula umlando wesintu?
- Abayisishiyagalombili impucuko ezizimele umlando . Isishiyagalombili impucuko ezizimele ziyavela.
- Les impucuko Sumerian, Egypt, Sabaean kanye Indus. ...
- Les impucuko IsiShayina namaNdiya. ...
- Les impucuko Olmec futhi Caral.
Aphi amaphilisi aseSumeri?
Impucuko ehlala ingaqondakali
Les Amaphilisi aseSumeri ubumba, olwatholakala phakathi nekhulu le-2.000 e-Iraq yanamuhla, luxoxa indaba efanayo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi bangcwatshwa cishe eminyakeni eyizi-XNUMX BC, kodwa amaqiniso abawachazayo kukhona ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi.
Ubani igama likankulunkulu waseSumer?
Igama likankulunkulu waseSumeriya u-Enki lingahlukaniswa libe yiSumerian phakathi kwe "Nkosi" nelithi ki, elivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "Umhlaba", kodwa empeleni elibhekisela "Ngezansi", indawo engaphansi komhlaba engaphansi komhlaba. , umlingani weZulu (i).
Ubani owasungula ukubhala?
Kubonakala sengathiyekubhala yavela eMesopotamia (okwamanje i-Iraq kanye nendawo eyizungezile) ngo-3400 BC. Lezi zisezifundeni ezimbili ngokuqondile qui yiqambe, i-Akkad ne-Sumer, eyayingazalwa izinhlobo zokuqala zesipelingi noma izisekelo zesistimu yokuqala yeyekubhala okuthiwa yi-cuneiform.
Iyiphi inkolo yabaseMesophothamiya?
Ngokuvamile onkulunkulu be-anthropomorphic
Izakhamuzi zase eMesopotamiya abakhulekeli abaningi. Uma sibona izinhlobo ezithile ze-syncretism phakathi kwezithixo zaseSumeri nase-Akkadian, nokho awekho ama-pantheon angashintshi kuyo yonke indawo.
Ubani ophethe umphakathi waseSumeri?
Laba banenhlangano yezenhlalakahle ephethwe inkosi engumpristi. I AmaSumeri lalinamasu ezolimo amahle kakhulu, idolobha ngalinye lalinomholi walo futhi lalizimele. I AmaSumeri, wenza iminikelo, wahlabela onkulunkulu.
Ubani onakekela inkolo eMesophothamiya?
Ngempela, babhekwa njengabalamuli phakathi kwabantu kanye nonkulunkulu. U-Enlil ungomunye wonkulunkulu abakhulu be- Inkolo yaseMesophothamiya. Ubhekwa njengenkosi yonkulunkulu, unkulunkulu ophakeme wezithixo mesopotamiya.
Bangobani abantu bokuqala?
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule, iHomo habilis yavela eNingizimu Afrika.kuyinto : vs 'kuyinto uhlobo lokuqala lwabantu. Igama lakhe lisho “indoda enekhono” ngoba wenza amathuluzi alula. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1,8 edlule, kwavela umuntu omusha: Homo erectus.
Iyiphi impucuko yokuqala ebonwa izwe elidala?
La impucuko yokuqala womlando wesintu wazalelwa eMesophothamiya ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC, endaweni evundile ephakathi kwemifula emibili, iTigris kanye ne-Ewufrathe. AmaSumeri athuthukisa ubuhlakani impucuko futhi ukusungula i kuqala uhlelo lokubhala: ukubhala nge-cuneiform.
Uyini umbuso wokuqala emhlabeni?
yini kuyinto kuvame ukubhekwa njenge- kuqala umbuso womlando, uMbuso Wase-Akkad.
Yiziphi izimpucuko ezinkulu zezwe lasendulo?
abanye izimpucuko ezinkulu of Okudala zahlanganiswa eduze noLwandle iMedithera:
- iMesophothamiya (amaSumeri, abaseBhabhiloni nabaseAsiriya);
- abaseGibhithe ;
- amaGreki;
- amaRoma.
- abaseCarthaginians.
Iyiphi impucuko enkulu kunazo zonke?
UMbuso WaseRoma kuyinto kwaziwa ukuthi kwakuyi- more ububanzi kanye ne- more ezinamandla impucuko IYurophu ngokuhambisana nesikhathi sayo. Ngemva kweMpi YePunic, kwase kuvele enkulu kakhulu umbuso weplanethi kepha yaqhubeka nokukhula kwayo ngokufakwa kweGrisi ne-Asia Minor. Ngo-27 BC
Iyiphi impucuko eyahlala isikhathi eside?
Ngokwalesi sihloko: “I-China inomlando omude kunawo wonke oqhubekayo wanoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni-iminyaka engu-3,500 yomlando obhaliwe. "VS'kuyintookungukuthi, i-China ine- more umlando omude oqhubekayo wawo wonke amazwe omhlaba, iminyaka engu-3 yomlando obhaliwe.
Ubani owahumusha izibhebhe zaseSumeri?
Zazibhalwe ngolimi lwesiSumeri ngaleso sikhathi kuhunyushwe ngesi-Akkadian (ulimi lokuqala lwamaSemite) nezinye izilimi zasendulo. Ngisho nalemibhalo, qui zineminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha ubudala, zibhekisela "ezincwadini" ezilahlekile (imibhalo ebhalwe phansi amaphilisi Stone).
Wayengubani u-Enki?
Nkulunkulu wamanzi, Enki-Eya kuyinto futhi eyemithombo nemifula. Lesi sici sidlala indima enkulu ekukhulumeni, uba yinkosi yemilingo kanye nomgcini wama-exorcists, qui zimemezele ukuthi zisebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe. Wadlulisela isayensi yakhe endodaneni yakhe uMarduk, qui aphendukele kuye ezimweni ezinzima.
Obani ama-Enki?
Enki ungongabaluleki kakhulu konkulunkulu abathathu bomqu-zintathu omkhulu we-cosmic waseMesophothamiya, abanye ababili u-Anu no-Enlil. Ivela emibhalweni yakudala eyaziwayo yamaSumeri. Isiko lama-Asiriya neBhabhiloni liyiqamba ngokuthi i-Ea. ... Nkulunkulu wamanzi, Enki-I-Ea futhi yileyo yemithombo nemifula.
Iyiphi inkolo yamaSumer?
Les AmaSumeri kwadingeka a inkolo uhlobo lwama-polytheistic. Onkulunkulu babukeka futhi bavame ukuziphatha ngendlela efanayo nabantu. Onkulunkulu AmaSumeri anjalo abadali bomhlaba nabantu.
Ubani unkulunkulu u-Enlil?
Inkosi yonkulunkulu, unkulunkulu wekusasa nobukhosi, unkulunkulu womoya (?) Enlil (ngesiSumerian), ʿĒllil noma ʿĪlu (ngesi-Akkadian), kuyinto omunye wonkulunkulu abakhulu benkolo yasendulo yaseMesophothamiya.
Kwaqala kuphi futhi nini ukubhala?
Umaukubhala kuyazalwa eMesophothamiya, abanye abantu bazakhela olwabo uhleloyekubhala ngaphansi kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kamuva. Cishe ngo-3200-3000 BC, abaseGibhithe benza i-hieroglyphics, ababeyilandele ku-papyrus noma imiqulu yesikhumba.
Ubani owasungula ukubhala kwesiFulentshi?
Laba baseFenike qui zisemsuka wezinhlamvu esizisebenzisa kuzo French. I-alfabhethi yethu yi-alfabhethi yesiLatini qui ingxubevange yemibhalo yamaSemite, yesiGreek kanye ne-Etruscan.
Kungani ukubhala kwazalwa?
Theukubhala kuyazalwa yesidingo. … VS'futhi kungani, imibhalo yokuqala ingaphezulu noma kancane imidwebo eyenziwe lula emele izinto noma izilwane (pictograms) noma izimpawu zokubala.