Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaGypsies eyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko laseSpain. Nakuba ubukhona bawo buhlehlela emuva ezizukulwaneni ezedlule, isimo sabo esingokomthetho namalungelo njengedlanzana lesizwe kusanda kuqashelwa muva nje. Naphezu kobunzima ababhekana nabo, lesi sibalo sabantu sibe nesandla kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko eSpain.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umlando wamaGypsies eSpain kanye nesimo sabo sezomthetho, ubunzima kanye neminikelo yamasiko. Sizobona nemizamo eyenziwa yiSpain ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo futhi sizohlola amathemba ekusasa lamaGypsies eSpain.
Umlando WamaGypsy eSpain
AmaGypsy akhuluma okokuqala eYurophu ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo, bafudukela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushushiswa nokucwaswa ababebhekana nakho ezweni labo lendabuko. ISpain yaba ngelinye lamazwe okuqala aseYurophu ukwamukela amaGypsies, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibekezelela kanye namasiko.
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, amaGypsies eSpain aye ashushiswa futhi ecwaswa iziphathimandla zendawo, kuhlanganise nabashushisi nezikhulu zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1554 kwakhishwa umyalo wasebukhosini owawuvimbela amaGypsy ukuba angene endaweni yaseSpain. AmaGypsy ashushiswa ngenxa yendlela yawo yokuphila nezinkolelo zawo futhi abekelwa imingcele eminingi nokucwaswa.
Ikhulu lama-1950 laphawuleka ngokuthuthuka kwesimo samaGypsy eSpain. Iminyaka yawo-XNUMX yayiyisikhathi sezinguquko kanye nesimanje, futhi iziphathimandla zaseSpain zaqala ukuqaphela amalungelo ama-gypsies futhi ziwafaka ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, amaGypsies eSpain asaqhubeka nokucwaswa nokucwaswa. AmaGypsy avame ukuhlotshaniswa nobugebengu nobumpofu futhi abhekana nezingqinamba ekutholeni umsebenzi nemfundo.
Ngo-1982, iSpain yabona idlanzana lamaGypsy njengeqembu elihlukile futhi yaphasisa umthetho owawubanika amalungelo athile, okuhlanganisa izindlu, ezempilo kanye nemfundo. Ngo-2005, iSpain yaba yizwe lokuqala laseYurophu ukwamukela isu likazwelonke lokukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo amaGypsies.
Ngo-2017, iSpain yaphasisa umthetho okuhloswe ngawo ukukhuthaza ukufakwa komphakathi kwamaGypsies nokuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuphila. Lo mthetho unconywe njengesinyathelo esibalulekile esiya phambili samalungelo ama-gypsies eSpain futhi wamukelwe nawumphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, amaGypsies eSpain asabhekene nobunzima bezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, futhi ukungalingani kusaqhubeka. Iziphathimandla zaseSpain kanye namaqembu amalungelo e-gypsy ayaqhubeka nokusebenza ukuthuthukisa isimo sama-gypsies eSpain nokukhuthaza amalungelo abo kanye neminikelo yamasiko.
Isimo esisemthethweni samaGypsies eSpain
Sekuyisikhathi eside amaGypsies aseSpain ebhekwa njengedlanzana elingasasebenzi futhi elingathuthukisiwe. Abazange babonwe njengomphakathi osemthethweni futhi bahlushwa ukucwaswa okuhleliwe. Intuthuko yezomthetho ngeminyaka yawo-1990, nokho, yathuthukisa isimo esisemthethweni samaGypsies eSpain, nakuba izithiyo zisekhona.
Namuhla, amaGypsy aseSpain ajabulela amalungelo omthethosisekelo nasemthethweni. Umthethosisekelo waseSpain we-1978 uyaqaphela ukuba khona kwama-gypsy amancane futhi ibanika ilungelo lokuvikelwa okukhethekile. Umthetho wango-1998 wamalungelo abantu abambalwa bohlanga namasiko uphinde wathuthukisa isimo esisemthethweni samaGypsies eSpain.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsies aseSpain avikelwe umthetho we-European Union Community. Umqulu Wamalungelo Ayisisekelo we-European Union uqinisekisa ukuhlonishwa kokuhlukahluka namalungelo alinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zaseYurophu, kuhlanganise nezinhlanga namasiko amancane.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthuka, amaGypsies eSpain asabhekene nezithiyo ngokwamalungelo angokomthetho. Ukucwasa okuhleliwe nobubha kusekhona kwezinye izingxenye zezwe. AbaseGypsy babhekene nokuntula ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo abo kanye nokucwaswa ekufinyeleleni imfundo, ezempilo kanye nemisebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo esingokomthetho samaGypsies eSpain sisentekenteke futhi sisengozini. Imithetho ekhona ayanele ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwabo kanye nokufakwa komphakathi. Imizamo eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amalungelo abo ayisisekelo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwawo emphakathini waseSpain.
Okokugcina, ukulwa nokucwaswa kanye nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi kwamaGypsies eSpain akukwazi ukwenziwa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuzibophezela kwezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle kweziphathimandla nezakhamuzi. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinhlangano nezakhamizi zisebenze ndawonye ukukhuthaza isiko lenhlonipho nokubekezelelana kubantu abancane ngokobuhlanga namasiko eSpain.
Ubunzima obubhekene namaGypsies eSpain
AmaGypsies eSpain abhekana nobunzima obuningi ngenxa yokucwaswa ababhekene nakho. Ngempela, nakuba uMthethosisekelo waseSpain uqinisekisa ilungelo lokulingana, amaGypsies ngokuvamile ayizisulu zokucwaswa nokucwaswa. Ukucwasa kungathatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ekukhishweni kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho kuye kodlame olungokomzimba kanye nokucwaswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsy avame ukubhekana nezithiyo zesakhiwo eziwavimbela ekutholeni imfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo. AmaGypsy ngokuvamile awafakwa ezinhlelweni zemfundo yomphakathi kanye nezempilo, okubavimbela ekutholeni amathuba angabavumela ukuba babalekele ubumpofu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsy ngokuvamile ayizisulu zokucwaswa emsebenzini futhi abhekana namazinga aphezulu okuntuleka kwemisebenzi kunomphakathi jikelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsies avame ukubhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokufinyelela ezindlini. AmaGypsies amaningi aphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezibucayi, njengoba engakwazi ukufinyelela izindlu ezanele nezithengekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsy amaningi ayasuswa futhi kufanele ayohlala emakamu ababaleki esikhashana noma ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Okokugcina, amaGypsies avame ukubhekana nezithiyo ekufinyeleleni izinsiza zomphakathi, njengosizo lwezenhlalakahle nokuvikelwa komphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaGypsy avame ukubhekana nezithiyo ekufinyeleleni ubulungiswa. Ngempela, amaGypsies ngokuvamile ayizisulu zokucwaswa nokucwasa lapho ezama ukugomela amalungelo abo enkantolo.
Sengiphetha, amaGypsies eSpain abhekana nobunzima obuningi ngenxa yokucwaswa abhekene nakho. Izithiyo zesakhiwo, njengokufinyelela emfundweni, ukuqashwa kanye nezindlu, kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni zomphakathi kanye nobulungiswa, yizici ezibangela ukukhishwa inyumbazane kanye nokucwaswa kwama-gypsies e-Spain.
Iminikelo Yamasiko YamaGypsies eSpain
AmaGypsies eSpain aneminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene yamasiko okwabelwana ngayo futhi yaziswa emhlabeni wonke. Isiko lamaGypsy yindlela yokukhuluma ecebile emlandweni namasiko. AmaGypsy aziwa ngomculo wawo, umdanso, indlela yokuphila, amasiko nobuciko.
Umculo wamaGypsy udume emhlabeni wonke futhi uthathwa njengegugu lesiko laseSpain. Uyaziwa ngemisindo yakhe emnandi kanye nokunyakaza okugelezayo. Umculo wamaGypsy unethonya elikhulu futhi uye wamukelwa kabanzi ezinye izinhlobo zomculo, njenge-flamenco ne-salsa.
Umdanso wamaGypsy ungenye into ebalulekile yesiko lamaGypsy. AmaGypsy aziwa ngokunyakaza kwawo okuwuketshezi kanye nomuzwa wesigqi. Imidanso yamaGypsy iveza imizwa kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuxoxa izindaba noma ukuveza imizwa. Eminye yemidanso edume kakhulu i-flamenco ne-rumba.
AmaGypsy ayaziwa nangendlela yawo yokuphila kanye nesiko lawo. Baziwa ngokungenisa izihambi kanye nomuzwa wokuba nomndeni. AmaGypsies anamathele kakhulu emasikweni namasiko awo futhi abeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuhlonipheni nasekuthembekeni.
Ubuciko be-Gypsy bubuye bucebe kakhulu futhi buhlukahlukene futhi buhlanganisa izinhlobo zobuciko ezifana nokudweba, izithombe eziqoshiwe nomculo. AmaGypsies aziwa ngethalente lawo lobuciko kanye nokudala kwawo. Ubuciko be-Gypsy bunemibala eminingi futhi bucacile futhi bubonakala emigwaqweni, amathilomu namagalari aseSpain.
Ngakho-ke amaGypsies eSpain aneminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene yamasiko. Umculo, umdanso, indlela yokuphila ISpain yenze imizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa isimo samaGypsies, ayekade ebandlululwa futhi ecwaswa. Ngo-2007, uhulumeni waseSpain wamukela uhlelo lukazwelonke lokugqugquzela nokuvikela amalungelo amaGypsies. Lolu hlelo lwenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kwamaGypsies, kanye nokuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuhlala.
Uhlelo lukazwelonke lokugqugquzelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu baseGypsies luhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwezemfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nempilo yabantu baseGypsy, kanye nokulwa nokucwaswa kanye nokushiywa ngaphandle abayizisulu zakho. Kubuye kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwamaGypsy emphakathini kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwawo emakethe yezemisebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalolu hlelo, uhulumeni waseSpain udale izinhlelo eziningana ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila zamaGypsies. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-"Pact for the integration of Gypsies" luhlose ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela emfundweni, ukuqashwa kanye nempilo yamaGypsies, kanye nokulwa nokucwaswa kanye nokubandlululwa emphakathini abayizisulu.
Uhulumeni waseSpain usebeke nezinyathelo zokugqugquzela ukuqashwa kwamaGypsies. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-"Spain of Possibilities" lwaqalwa ngo-2008 ukuze lunikeze izinkampani ezizimele usekelo lwezezimali ukuze ziqashe amaGypsies. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waseSpain usesungule izinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kanye nemifundaze yamaGypsies ukuze abanike amathuluzi abawadingayo ukuze bathole umsebenzi.
ISpain isibeke nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amaGypsies ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi ezifana namanzi, ugesi negesi. Uhulumeni waseSpain uphinde wasungula izinhlelo zokugqugquzela ukufinyelela kwamaGypsies emfundweni nakwezempilo.
Ekugcineni, uhulumeni waseSpain usesungule izinhlelo okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza isiko lamaGypsy nokulwa nokungabekezelelani nokucwasa. Lezi zinhlelo zihlose ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nokukhuthaza ukuvezwa kwamasiko e-gypsy.
Imizamo kahulumeni waseSpain yokwenza ngcono isimo samaGypsy yamukelwe umphakathi wamaGypsy. Nokho, usemkhulu umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ukuthuthukisa isimo samaGypsies eSpain futhi sikwazi ukuzuza ngokugcwele emalungelweni afanayo nezinye izakhamuzi zaseSpain., amasiko nobuciko bamaGypsies kunethonya elikhulu futhi baziswa kulo lonke. Umhlaba. AmaGypsy aziwa ngokungenisa izihambi, umuzwa womndeni, udumo nokwethembeka. Ubuciko be-Gypsy bunemibala kakhulu futhi buveza. Ngakho-ke kusobala ukuthi amaGypsies eSpain aneminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene yamasiko efanele ukuqashelwa nokuhlonishwa.
Imizamo yaseSpain yokuthuthukisa isimo samaGypsy
ISpain yenze imizamo emikhulu yokuthuthukisa isimo samaGypsies, ayekade ekhishwa inyumbazane futhi ecwaswa. Ngo-2007, uhulumeni waseSpain wamukela uhlelo lukazwelonke lokugqugquzela nokuvikela amalungelo amaGypsies. Lolu hlelo lwenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kwamaGypsies, kanye nokuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuhlala.
Uhlelo lukazwelonke lokugqugquzelwa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu baseGypsies luhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwezemfundo, ukuqashwa kanye nempilo yabantu baseGypsy, kanye nokulwa nokucwaswa kanye nokushiywa ngaphandle abayizisulu zakho. Kubuye kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwamaGypsy emphakathini kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwawo emakethe yezemisebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalolu hlelo, uhulumeni waseSpain udale izinhlelo eziningana ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila zamaGypsies. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-"Pact for the integration of Gypsies" luhlose ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela emfundweni, ukuqashwa kanye nempilo yamaGypsies, kanye nokulwa nokucwaswa kanye nokubandlululwa emphakathini abayizisulu.
Uhulumeni waseSpain usebeke nezinyathelo zokugqugquzela ukuqashwa kwamaGypsies. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-"Spain of Possibilities" lwaqalwa ngo-2008 ukuze lunikeze izinkampani ezizimele usekelo lwezezimali ukuze ziqashe amaGypsies. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waseSpain usesungule izinhlelo zokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kanye nemifundaze yamaGypsies ukuze abanike amathuluzi abawadingayo ukuze bathole umsebenzi.
ISpain nayo inezinhlelo ezikhona zokuthi ngcono ukufinyelela kwamaGypsy ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi, njengamanzi, ugesi negesi. Uhulumeni waseSpain uphinde wasungula izinhlelo zokugqugquzela ukufinyelela kwamaGypsies emfundweni nakwezempilo.
Ekugcineni, uhulumeni waseSpain usesungule izinhlelo okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza isiko lamaGypsy nokulwa nokungabekezelelani nokucwasa. Lezi zinhlelo zihlose ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nokukhuthaza ukuvezwa kwamasiko e-gypsy.
Imizamo kahulumeni waseSpain yokwenza ngcono isimo samaGypsy yamukelwe umphakathi wamaGypsy. Nokho, usemkhulu umsebenzi okumelwe wenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo samaGypsies eSpain futhi akwazi ukuzuza ngokugcwele emalungelweni afanayo nezinye izakhamuzi zaseSpain.
Amathemba ekusasa lamaGypsies eSpain
AmaGypsies eSpain adlule emakhulwini eminyaka engcindezelo nokungabi nabulungisa. Namuhla, isimo sabo siyashintsha. Imizamo kahulumeni waseSpain yokuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuphila ithela izithelo. Ngakho-ke amathemba ekusasa lamaGypsies eSpain mahle.
Iningi lamaGypsy eSpain liphila ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingozi futhi ngokuvamile liyizisulu zokucwaswa. Kodwa-ke, uhulumeni waseSpain usanda kuqalisa izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuhlala. Lezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa izinhlelo zemfundo, izindlu nezempilo, kanye nokuvikela okukhulu ekubandlululweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wamaGypsy waseSpain uyakujabulela ukwesekwa yizinhlangano ezimbalwa ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izimo zazo zokuhlala ngokuzihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zomthetho, zezokwelapha nezinye. Lezi zinhlangano ziyasebenza futhi ekulweni nemibono engemihle ezungeze umphakathi wamaGypsy.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waseSpain usanda kwethula izindlela zokukhuthaza isiko lama-gypsy futhi ukhuthaze ukubamba iqhaza kwawo empilweni yomphakathi nepolitiki. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukuqashwa kwamaGypsies kanye nemikhankaso yokuqwashisa ehloselwe ukulwa nokucwasa.
Okokugcina, inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile yenziwe mayelana namalungelo ezombusazwe amaGypsies eSpain. Ngo-2011, uhulumeni waseSpain waphasisa umthetho oqaphela isimo sohlanga lwamaGypsies futhi ubanika ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza okhethweni. Lo mthetho wawuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufakweni kwamaGypsies emphakathini waseSpain.
Sengiphetha, amathemba ekusasa lamaGypsies eSpain mahle. Uhulumeni waseSpain usebenzise izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuhlala kanye nokuthuthukisa amasiko abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathole amalungelo ezombangazwe futhi bakhuthazwa ukuba bahlanganyele empilweni yezombangazwe neyomphakathi. Ngalezi zinyathelo, amaGypsies eSpain azokwazi ukuthemba impilo engcono kanye nokuqashelwa okukhulu kwesiko lawo.