Fakhri K.
Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft… Hofori shanu dzeSilicon Valley dzatinodoma nhasi nerekuti GAFAM. Tekinoroji nyowani, mari, fintech, hutano, mota… Hapana nzvimbo inozvitiza. Pfuma yavo dzimwe nguva inogona kudarika yedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira.
Kana iwe uchifunga kuti GAFAM inongovepo mune hutsva tekinoroji, wakarasika! Aya mahofori mashanu eHigh Tech akadyara mune vamwe, achitosvika pakugadzira chaiwo mayunivesiti, senge purojekiti. Metaverse yeMeta, kambani yevabereki ye Facebook. Mumakore asingasviki makumi maviri, makambani aya akatora nzvimbo yepamusoro.
Mumwe nemumwe wavo ane capitalization yemusika inodarika bhiriyoni remadhora. Muchokwadi, ndiyo yakaenzana nehupfumi hweNetherlands (GDP) iyo yakagara iri pachinzvimbo chegumi nenomwe nyika yakapfuma pasirese. Chii chinonzi maGAFAM? Chii chinotsanangura ukuru hwavo? Iwe uchaona kuti inyaya inofadza, asi iyo yakamutsa zvakawanda zvinonetsa kumativi ose.
Zviri mukati
GAFAM, chii?
"Big Five" uye "GAFAM" ndiwo mazita maviri anoshandiswa kuratidza Google, apuro, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft. Ndivo vasina kupokana vanorema veSilicon Valley uye hupfumi hwenyika. Pamwe chete, vanosvika pamusika capitalization inosvika $4,5 trillion. Ivo ndeveiyo yakasarudzika runyorwa rweakanyanya kutaurwa makambani eAmerica. Uyezve, vese varipo mune NASDAQ, musika wemari wekuAmerica wakachengeterwa makambani ehunyanzvi.
MaGAFAM eGoogle, Amazon, Facebook, Apple neMicrosoft ndiwo makambani mashanu ane simba zvakanyanya pasi rose maererano nemari yemusika. Aya mahofori mashanu edhijitari anotonga zvikamu zvakawanda zvemusika weInternet, uye simba rawo rinokura gore rega rega.
Chinangwa chavo chakajeka: kubatanidza musika weInternet, kutanga nezvikamu zvavanojaira uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera zvirimo, maapplication, social media, injini dzekutsvaga, michina yekuwana uye nharembozha.
Aya makambani atove nekubata kwakawanda pamusika weInternet, uye simba ravo rinoramba richikura. Ivo vanokwanisa kuseta yavo mwero uye kusimudzira masevhisi uye zvigadzirwa zvinovafarira. Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vane nzira dzekupa mari uye kuwana iyo inovimbisa yekutanga-ups, kuitira kuti vawedzere humambo hwavo hwedhijitari.
MaGAFAM ave akakosha kune vakawanda vashandisi veInternet, asi simba ravo rinowanzoshoropodzwa. Chokwadi, makambani aya ane hudzoro hunenge hwakakwana pamusoro pemamwe zvikamu zvemusika weInternet, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwesimba uye maitiro ekurwisa makwikwi. Uye zvakare, kugona kwavo kuunganidza uye kugadzirisa iyo yega data yevashandisi veInternet inowanzoshorwa sekupinda kwekuvanzika. pa
Pasinei nekushoropodzwa, maGAFAM anoramba achitonga pamusika weInternet uye izvi hazvigone kuchinja munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Aya makambani ave akakosha kune vakawanda vashandisi veInternet, uye zvakaoma kufungidzira ramangwana pasina ivo.
IPO
Apple ndiyo yekare kambani yeGAFAM maererano neIPO. Yakatangwa muna 1976 nemukurumbira Steve Jobs, yakaenda kuruzhinji muna 1980. Ipapo kwakauya Microsoft kubva Bill Gates (1986), Amazon kubva Jeff Bezos (1997), Google kubva Larry Page uye Sergey Brin (2004) uye Facebook naMark Zuckerberg (2012) )
Zvigadzirwa uye bhizinesi zvikamu
Pakutanga, makambani eGAFAM aitarisa pamatekinoroji matsva, kunyanya kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweanoshanda masisitimu - nharembozha kana yakatarwa - makomputa kana nharembozha dzakadai sema smartphones, mahwendefa uye mawachi akabatana. Ivo zvakare vanowanikwa mune hutano, kutenderera kana kunyange mota.
Makwikwi
Muchokwadi, GAFAM harisi iro rega boka remafemu riripo. Vamwe vakabuda, senge FAANG. Isu tinowana Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Google uye Netflix. Muchikwata ichi, hofori yekutenderera yatora nzvimbo yeRedmond femu. Kune rimwe divi, Netflix ndiyo yega femu inotungamirwa nevatengi kana zvasvika kune multimedia zvemukati, kunyangwe Amazon uye - pamwe Apple - vakatevera. Isu tinofunga, kunyanya, yeAmazon Prime Vhidhiyo. Isu tinotaurawo nezveNATU. Kune chikamu chayo, boka iri rinosanganisira Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla uye Uber.
GAFAM, humambo hwakavakwa nedombo nedombo
Kuwedzera kwehupenzi kwemabasa avo kwasundidzira makambani eGAFAM kuvaka humambo chaihwo. Izvi zvinoenderana nekuwanda kwekutorwa kwakaitwa masheya uye nezvimwe nemafemu eAmerica.
Zvechokwadi, tinowana muenzaniso wakafanana. Pakutanga, maGAFAM akatanga nematekinoroji matsva. Mushure meizvozvo, mafemu akawedzera matende avo kuburikidza nekutora mamwe makambani anoshanda mune mamwe minda.
Muenzaniso weAmazon
Kutanga Amazon muhofisi diki, Jeff Bezos aive nyore mutengesi wemabhuku. Nhasi, kambani yake yave mutungamiri asina kupokana mu e-commerce. Kuti zvizadzise izvi, yakaita mabasa akati wandei ekutora, sekutorwa kweZappos.
Amazon zvakare yakanyatso hunyanzvi mukugovanisa zvigadzirwa zvechikafu, mushure mekuwana Whole Foods Market nemari ine mwero yemabhiriyoni gumi nematanhatu emadhora. Inowanikwa zvakare muInternet yezvinhu (IoT), iyo Cloud uye kutenderera (Amazon Prime).
Muenzaniso weApple
Kune chikamu chayo, kambani yeCupertino yakawana makambani anoda kusvika gumi nemana anoshanda mune artificial intelligence kubvira 2013. Makambani aya aivewo nyanzvi mukuzivikanwa kwechiso, vabatsiri vechokwadi uye software automation.
Apple yakawanawo nyanzvi yeBeats yemadhora mazana matatu emadhora (3). Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, mhando yeApple yakazvivezera nzvimbo yakakosha mumimhanzi inoyerera kuburikidza neApple Music. Saka inova mukwikwidzi akakomba weSpotify.
Muenzaniso weGoogle
Kambani yeMountain View yavewo nechikamu chayo chekutenga. Muchokwadi, zvakawanda zvezvigadzirwa zvatinoziva nhasi (Google Doc, Google Earth) zvakazvarwa kubva kune izvi zvakatorwa. Google iri kuita ruzha rwakanyanya ne Android. Kambani iyi yakawana OS muna 2005 nemari inosvika 50 miriyoni emadhora.
Chido cheGoogle hachigumire ipapo. Iyo kambani yakarongawo kukunda hungwaru hwekugadzira, makore uye makambani emepu.
Muenzaniso we Facebook
Kune chikamu chayo, Facebook yaive isina makaro kupfuura mamwe makambani eGAFAM. Femu yaMark Zuckerberg yakangoita mashandiro ehungwaru, sekutorwa kweAboutFace, Instagram kana Snapchat. Nhasi, iyo femu inonzi Meta. Izvo hazvichadi kumiririra iri nyore social network. Zvakare, parizvino ari kutarisa nezveMetaverse uye hungwaru hwekugadzira.
Muenzaniso weMicrosoft
Kungofanana neFacebook, Microsoft haina makaro kana zvasvika pakutenga imwe kambani. Kunyanya mumitambo iyo kambani yeRedmond yakazvitungamira, kunyanya nekutorwa kweMinecraft uye studio yayo yeMojang yemadhora mazana maviri nemazana mashanu emadhora. Paive zvakare nekutorwa kweActivision Blizzard - kunyangwe kuvhiya uku kuri nyaya yemamwe makakatanwa -.
Sei kutora uku?
“Wana zvakawanda kuti uwane zvakawanda”… Kutaura zvazviri, zvakangodaro. Izvi zviri pamusoro pese sarudzo yehungwaru. Nekutenga makambani aya, maGAFAM ane pamusoro pezvese akatora akakosha patents. Iwo Big Five akabatanidzawo zvikwata zvemainjiniya uye hunyanzvi hunozivikanwa.
Oligarchy?
Zvisinei, izano rinonetsa zvikuru. Zvechokwadi, kune vamwe vanocherechedza, iyi imhinduro iri nyore. Kutadza kukwanisa kugadzira, Big Five inosarudza kutenga makambani anovimbisa.
Mashandiro anovapa “pasina chinhu” achipiwa simba ravo guru rezvemari. Naizvozvo vamwe vanoshora simba remari nechishuvo chokubvisa makwikwi ose. Ndiyo mamiriro chaiwo e oligarchy ayo anoiswa munzvimbo, nezvose zvazvinoreva ...
Kuverenga: Acronym DC inomirirei? Mabhaisikopo, TikTok, Kupfupisa, Kurapa, uye Washington, DC
Iyo Yakazara Simba uye "Big Brother" Nharo
Kana paine nyaya inonyatso kutsoropodza, ndeye manejimendi ega data. Mapikicha, ruzivo rwemazita, mazita, zvaunofarira… Iyi ndiyo migodhi yegoridhe chaiyo yemahofori eGAFAM. Vavewo nenyaya dzezvinyadzi zvakawanda zvakasvibisa zita ravo.
Kubuda mumapepanhau, zvipupuriro zvisingazivikanwe uye kupomerwa kwakasiyana kwakabata Facebook. Kambani yaMark Zuckerberg inopomerwa kushandisa zvisina kunaka data yevashandisi vayo. Zvakare, muna Chivabvu 2022, muvambi wesocial network akanzwika neAmerican Justice. Chakanga chisati chamboitika chakaita kuti inki yakawanda ibude.
A "Big Brother" maitiro
Saka tinogona kutaura nezve "Big Brother" mhedzisiro? Iyo yekupedzisira, sechiyeuchidzo, inomiririra pfungwa yekuongororwa kwehutongi hwakataurwa naGeorges Orwell mu. wake ane mukurumbira muoni novel 1984. Zvinhu zvakabatana chikamu chehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva nhasi. Iwo ane zvakavanzika zvedu zvepedyo zvikuru.
MaGAFAM anobva apomerwa mhosva yekushandisa iyi data yakakosha kutarisa vashandisi vavo. Chinangwa, maererano nevatsoropodzi, chinenge chiri chekutengesa ruzivo urwu kune vanonyanya kutengesa, vakadai sevashambadziri kana mamwe mabhizimisi ekutengeserana.
