Dieter B.
Kodi mumalakalaka kupanga masewera anu apakanema osawononga ndalama iliyonse? Osasakanso! M'nkhaniyi, tikukupatsani mapulogalamu 10 abwino kwambiri opangira masewera a kanema kwaulere. Kaya ndinu ongoyamba kumene kapena ndinu wopanga zida, mukutsimikiza kuti mwapeza chida chomwe chikugwirizana ndi zosowa zanu.
Chifukwa chake, chotsani malingaliro anu amasewera m'bokosi ndikukonzekera kulowa m'dziko losangalatsa lamasewera apakanema. Kuchokera pa GameMaker Studio 2 kupita ku Godot Engine, pezani mapulogalamu apamwambawa omwe angakuthandizeni kuti musinthe malingaliro anu openga kwambiri. Mwakonzeka kutenga vuto? Tsatirani kalozera ndikukhala wopanga dziko lanu lenileni.
Zamkatimu
1. GameMaker Studio 2: Chida chathunthu chamasewera a 2D
Ingoganizirani pulogalamu imodzi yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopanga, kufalitsa ndi kukhathamiritsa masewera apamwamba a 2D; ndizo zomwe GameMaker Studio 2 ili. StudioMaker Studio 2 imagwira ntchito ngati choyambira kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuti ayambe kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, pomwe akupereka mawonekedwe olimba kwa akatswiri.
Monga woyamba, mungaganize kuti kupanga masewera ndi ntchito yovuta. Komabe, GameMaker Studio 2 imapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta ngati kukokera ndikugwetsa zinthu. Inde, mwamva bwino! Njira ya "koka ndikugwetsa" ndiyothandiza kwenikweni kwa novice. Ndipo kwa ochita chidwi kwambiri, amatha kulowa mu "GML", chilankhulo chothandizira papulatifomu.
GameMaker Studio 2 sikuti imangopanga masewera. Zimakuthandizani kuti musinthe masewera anu bwino ndi zida zowongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi kukonza zolakwika. Mutha kusinthanso malo anu ogwirira ntchito malinga ndi zosowa zanu kuti muwonjezere zokolola zanu.
Nazi zomwe GameMaker Studio 2 ikupereka:
| mbali | Kufotokozera |
|---|---|
| Kupanga zithunzi ndi sprites | Pangani zithunzi zokongola zamasewera anu |
| Zinthu zowonetsera | Khalani ndi moyo otchulidwa ndi zokongoletsa zanu |
| Kukonza zolakwika | Onetsetsani kuti masewera anu akugwira ntchito bwino |
| Kukhathamiritsa kwa magwiridwe antchito | Sinthani liwiro ndi kusalala kwamasewera anu |
Pali kuyesa kwaulere kwa masiku 30 kwa GameMaker Studio 2 kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuyesa asanaike ndalama mu mtundu wolipira, womwe umapereka mwayi wotumiza masewera kumapulatifomu osiyanasiyana.
Mwachidule, kaya ndinu woyamba kuchitapo kanthu pakupanga masewera kapena katswiri wofufuza chida champhamvu, StudioMaker Studio 2 ndi chisankho chabwino popanga masewera apamwamba a 2D.
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2. Pangani 3: Mnzake woyenera kupanga masewera apaintaneti opanda mapulogalamu
Tangoganizani, mwakhala momasuka kutsogolo kwa kompyuta yanu, kapu ya khofi yomwe ingafikire. Mwatsala pang'ono kuyamba ulendo wosangalatsa: kupanga masewera anu apaintaneti a 2D, osakhudza ngakhale mzere wamakhodi. Ulendo uwu ndi kupanga 3 amene amapereka kwa inu.
Kupanga 3 ndi chida chofunikira kwa iwo omwe akufuna pangani masewera a pa intaneti a 2D popanda kufunikira kodziwa bwino chilankhulo cha pulogalamu. Ili ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachilengedwe, omwe amapereka magwiridwe antchito a Kokani ndikuponya, kupanga mapangidwe amasewera kukhala osavuta monga kumanga nyumba yamakhadi.
Kukongola kwa Construct 3 kuli mu kuphweka kwake. Palibe chifukwa choyika mapulogalamu olemera pa makina anu; Pangani miyoyo itatu ndikupuma pa intaneti. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu pa msakatuli, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzipeza. Ndipo kwa omwe akugwira ntchito m'malo opanda intaneti, osadandaula, Construct 3 ikhozanso ntchito offline.
Mtundu waulere wa Construct 3 umapereka magwiridwe antchito a pulogalamu HTML masewera. Awa ndi malo abwino olowera kwa omwe angoyamba kumene kupanga masewera. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zilakolako zazikulu, pali zowonjezera zomwe zilipo kuti zitukuke.
Tangoganizani kukhala wokhoza kukonza mayendedwe ofotokozedweratu, kuwonjezera particles kapena sprites, kuyang'anira nyimbo zomvera ... Zosankha zonsezi ndi zotheka ndi zowonjezera za Construct 3. Ndi njira yoyambira kuphunzira kupanga masewera mpaka kuwapanga mwaluso lanu.
Mwachidule, Construct 3 ndi chida cha 2D chopanga masewera a pa intaneti chomwe, ndi kuphweka kwake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, kumapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha masewera chifike kwa aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za luso lawo la mapulogalamu.
3. RPG Wopanga MZ: Kupanga Democrats sewero lamasewera
Ingoganizirani kwakanthawi: mwakhala pakona panu, mukulota kuti mupange dziko lanu longopeka, lokhala ndi ngwazi zolimba mtima, zolengedwa zopeka komanso zolemba zazikulu. Mulibe luso lopanga mapulogalamu, koma muli ndi malingaliro owoneka bwino. Kodi mungasinthe bwanji malotowa kukhala enieni? Yankho ndi losavuta: ndi Wopanga RPG MZ.
RPG Maker ndi mapulogalamu osinthika omwe amapangitsa kupanga masewero owonetsa kuti aliyense azitha kuzipeza, mosasamala kanthu za luso lawo lopanga mapulogalamu. Kutulutsidwa kwake kwaposachedwa, RPG Maker MZ, ikupitiliza kupititsa patsogolo cholinga choyenera.
Mndandanda wa RPG Maker udapangidwa mu 1997, ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa demokalase kupanga masewera ochita sewero. Ndipo patatha zaka 23, RPG Maker MZ yaveketsa zoyesayesa izi ndi zosintha zingapo komanso zatsopano.
Zomwe zimapangitsa Wopanga RPG MZ chida champhamvu komanso chodziwika bwino chopangira masewera a RPG? Ubwino wake ndi wochuluka komanso wosiyanasiyana. Pakati pa zabwino izi, titha kutchula mkonzi wake wapamwamba kwambiri womwe umapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wosuntha zinthu zina za otchulidwa awo, ndikuwonjezera gawo latsopano la zenizeni ndikusintha makonda kumasewera awo.
RPG Maker MZ si chida chabe, ndi nsanja yomwe imapatsa aliyense mwayi woti maloto awo opanga masewera akwaniritsidwe. Chifukwa chake, ngati mumafuna kupanga masewera anuanu koma osadziwa kuti muyambire pati, RPG Maker MZ ikhoza kukhala yankho lomwe mukuyang'ana.
4. Stencyl: Mapulogalamu omwe amatsegula zitseko za kupanga masewera kwa aliyense
Tangoganizani kuti mwakhala patsogolo pa kompyuta yanu, muli ndi kapu ya khofi m'manja, mwakonzeka kuyamba kupanga masewera anu oyamba. Wosasamala, Stencyl ndili pano chifukwa cha inu. Pulogalamuyi idapangidwa kuti izipezeka kwa aliyense, kuyambira oyamba kumene mpaka ma coder akale, ndikusintha malinga ndi zomwe mwakumana nazo.
Stencyl ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali pamakampani opanga masewera, omwe amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake mwachilengedwe komanso Kokani ndikuponya. Ndi chida chabwino kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akutenga njira zawo zoyambira kupanga masewera. Zimakupatsani mwayi woganizira zomwe zili zofunika: kubweretsa masomphenya anu kukhala amoyo.
Bwanji ngati ndinu odziwa kale coder? Simudzasiyidwa. Stencyl imakupatsani mwayi wolembera pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo champhamvu cha Haxe. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wokankhira malire a zomwe mungathe kupanga, kusinthira tsatanetsatane wamasewera anu.
Chinthu chinanso chachikulu cha Stencyl ndi laibulale yake yolemera yazinthu. Kumeneko mudzapeza mapulagini ambiri, zomveka ndi zithunzi kuti muphatikize mumasewera anu. Ndipo kuphatikiza zonse, Stencyl imagwiritsa ntchito Flash pamasewera apa intaneti, kukulolani kuti mupange masewera omwe ali osalala komanso ochita bwino.
Mwachidule, Stencyl ndi pulogalamu yomwe imapangitsa demokalase kupanga masewera, kutsegulira dziko lachitukuko chamasewera kwa aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe akumana nazo. Imakhala ndi nsanja yolimba yopangira masewera apadera komanso osangalatsa, ndipo ndi chida choyenera kukhala nacho mubokosi lazida lililonse laopanga masewera.
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5. LÖVE: Mapulogalamu otseguka amasewera a 2D
Tiyeni tsopano tinyamuke kuti tipeze AMAZIONA, mapulogalamu olunjika kwa iwo omwe samawopa kulowa nawo dziko la mapulogalamu. Chuma chowona cha kulengedwa kwa masewera a 2D, ndi chida chomwe chadziwonetsera kale m'munda.
Kodi nchiyani chimapangitsa LÖVE kukhala chisankho chomwe amakonda kwa opanga masewera apakanema? Choyamba, ndi mapulogalamu gratuit et gwero lotseguka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gulu lake la ogwiritsa ntchito likuwongolera nthawi zonse, ndikuwonjezera zatsopano ndikukonza zolakwika. Ubwino waukulu tikamadziwa momwe ukadaulo umasinthira mwachangu.
Kenako, LÖVE ndi pulogalamu kuchulukan. Kaya mukugwiritsa ntchito Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, kapena iOS, mutha kuyambitsa LÖVE ndikuyamba kupanga masewera anu. machitidwe osiyanasiyana masuku pamutu.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito LÖVE, munthu ayenera kukhala omasuka ndi chilankhulo chokonzekera LUA. Awa si mapulogalamu a oyamba kumene, koma kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha mapulogalamu ndipo akufuna kukankhira luso lawo pamlingo wina.
LÖVE imapereka zinthu zambiri zabwino, kuphatikiza chithandizo chamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi. Ilinso ndi injini ya physics ya Box2D, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi woyerekeza mayendedwe ndi kugundana pamasewera anu.
Mwachidule, ngati ndinu katswiri wodziwa mapulogalamu ndipo mukuyang'ana chida chopangira masewera a 2D, LÖVE ikhoza kukhala chida chanu. Ndipo ngakhale mutakhala kuti mwangoyamba kumene kupanga mapulogalamu, bwanji osayesa? Kupatula apo, ndi gwero laulere komanso lotseguka, kotero mulibe chotaya!
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6. GDevelop: Chiwonetsero cha ku France chopanga masewera a 2D ndi 3D
Ingoganizirani zamasewera amasewera apakanema m'manja mwanu, opereka zinthu zambiri, popanda zovuta zamapulogalamu. Awa ndi maloto omwe Kupanga, pulogalamu yaku France, yapanga. Pokhala pulogalamu yotseguka komanso yolumikizira nsanja, GDevelop imadziwika ngati chida chosankha kwa omwe akufuna kupanga masewera, komanso opanga odziwa zambiri.
Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimakudumphani ndi GDevelop ndicho mwachilengedwe ndi wathunthu mawonekedwe. Kutanthauziridwa kwathunthu ku Chifalansa, idapangidwa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuti oyambira ayambe pomwe akupereka kuya kwa magwiridwe antchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito odziwa zambiri. Kaya mukufuna kupanga masewera a 2D omwe amakumbukira zakale kwambiri za nthawi ya 16-bit, kapena masewera a 3D omwe amagwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lamakina amakono, GDevelop yakuphimbani.
Ubwino wina wa GDevelop ndi wake wolemera mu mawonekedwe. Zimakupatsani mwayi wowongolera zinthu mosavuta, makanema ojambula pamanja komanso mabokosi a 3D. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupangitsa malingaliro awo kukhala amoyo popanda kuletsedwa ndi malire a mapulogalamu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera zinthu zamasewera ndi kamphepo chifukwa cha laibulale yowonjezera ya GDevelop, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wosintha masewera anu mwanjira zapadera.
Pomaliza, kwa iwo omwe akumva kutayika pang'ono pakupanga masewera, GDevelop imapereka masewera kupanga maphunziro ndi zolemba zonse. Zothandizira izi zidapangidwa kuti zithandizire oyamba kumene kumvetsetsa zoyambira zakupanga masewera, komanso kupereka malangizo ofunikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito odziwa zambiri.
Mwachidule, GDevelop ndi nsanja yokwanira yopanga masewera, yopereka mawonekedwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso zinthu zambiri. Kaya ndinu wongoyamba kumene mukuyang'ana kuti mupange masewera anu oyamba kapena wopanga mapulogalamu odziwa zambiri kufunafuna chida chatsopano, GDevelop ndiyofunika kuisamalira.
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7. Umodzi: Amphamvu masewera injini kwa zolengedwa zidzasintha
Tikaganiza zopanga masewera apakanema, dzina limodzi nthawi zambiri limadziwika: mgwirizano. Injini yamasewera yamphamvu iyi sichitha kungokhala chida, ndi nsanja yolenga yowona, yofunikira m'munda. Kaya ndinu woyamba kuchitapo kanthu m'dziko losangalatsali, kapena katswiri wodziwa ntchito yofuna kukankhira malire a luso lanu, Unity ili ndi zomwe zingakupatseni.
Unity ndi luso laukadaulo lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wopanga masewera a 2D ndi 3D. Zimapereka ufulu wopanga zomwe sizinachitikepo, kupatsa opanga mphamvu kuti abweretse masomphenya awo olimba mtima. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu komanso zovuta, Unity imakhalabe yofikira kwa oyamba kumene chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso maphunziro atsatanetsatane.
Kuphatikiza apo, Umodzi ndi chida kuchulukan, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mutha kupanga masewera anu kamodzi, kenako ndikuyika pamapulatifomu ambiri, kaya ndi PC, zotonthoza, kapena mafoni. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'zaka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera.
Ubwino wina wa Umodzi ndi kuthekera kwake kulimbikitsa Mgwirizano. Masiku ano masewera a chitukuko, sikovuta kuti masewera akhale ntchito ya munthu mmodzi. Umodzi umalola anthu angapo kugwirira ntchito limodzi pa ntchito imodzi, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuchita ntchito zazikulu kwambiri.
Ndipo ngati mukufuna umboni wa kuthekera kwa Unity kupanga masewera abwino, ingoyang'anani ena mwa maudindo omwe adapangidwa nawo: Verdun, The Forest, ndi ena ambiri. Masewerawa akopa osewera mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ali ndi ngongole zambiri za kupambana kwawo chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa Unity.
8. Unreal Engine: Mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi zida zapamwamba kuti azitha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi modabwitsa
Ngati muli ndi mzimu wa wopanga masewera a kanema, pulogalamuyo Unreal Engine ikhoza kukhala chida cha maloto anu. Yamphamvu kwambiri, imapereka zinthu zambiri zapamwamba zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zibweretse malingaliro anu olimba mtima.
Tiyerekeze kwakanthawi kuti mukufuna kupanga masewera ozama okhala ndi zithunzi zochititsa chidwi. Ndi Unreal Engine, mungakhale ndi zida zamakono zomwe muli nazo kuti mupange makanema ojambula owoneka bwino. Tangoganizani otchulidwa akuyenda mochititsa chidwi komanso molunjika, zotsatira zamphamvu zomwe zimabweretsa maiko osangalatsa, ziwonetsero zowala ... Zonsezi ndizotheka ndi Unreal Engine.
Ndipo koposa zonse? Pulogalamuyi si akatswiri okha. Inde, ili ndi zida zapamwamba, koma idapangidwanso kuti izipezeka kwa oyamba kumene. Mudzapeza unyinji wa Maphunziro a pa intaneti kuti akutsogolereni mukuphunzira pulogalamuyi, sitepe ndi sitepe. Mudzadabwitsidwa kuti ndizosavuta bwanji kudziwa chida ichi ndikupanga masewera omwe amapitilira zomwe mumayembekezera.
Chifukwa chake, kaya ndinu katswiri woyambitsa masewera kapena woyambitsa mwachidwi, Unreal Engine ndi mapulogalamu omwe muyenera kuwaganizira. Atha kungokhala mnzanu wopanga masewera omwe mwakhala mukuyembekezera.
9. CryEngine: Complete mapulogalamu kwa odziwa masewera okonza
Ngati mukuyang'ana chida chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wokankhira malire azinthu zanu, ndiye CryEngine ikhoza kukhala pulogalamu yopanga masewera yomwe imakwaniritsa zosowa zanu. Amawonedwa ndi ambiri ngati mpeni weniweni wankhondo waku Switzerland kwa opanga masewera, CryEngine imapereka mawonekedwe ochititsa chidwi, oyenera ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu omwe akufuna kubweretsa masomphenya awo olimba mtima.
Pulogalamu yachitukuko cha masewerawa ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kopanga malo owoneka bwino. Iye ali makamaka kumbuyo kwa kupanga masewera opambana monga Crysis ndi Far Cry. Kaya mukupanga maiko otseguka kapena milingo yatsatanetsatane, CryEngine imapereka ufulu ndi zida zofunika kupanga masewera apamwamba.
Imagwirizana ndi nsanja zingapo, CryEngine imalola opanga kupanga masewera a PC, zotonthoza komanso zida zenizeni zenizeni. Chifukwa chake imapereka kusinthika kwakukulu kwa iwo omwe akufuna kufikira omvera ambiri komanso osiyanasiyana.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti CryEngine, ngakhale yamphamvu kwambiri, imafuna ukadaulo kuti ugwiritse ntchito bwino. Chifukwa chake ndizofunikira makamaka kwa opanga masewera odziwa zambiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cholimba cha mapulogalamu opititsa patsogolo masewera. Komabe, kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi vutoli, kuphunzira CryEngine kungakhale kopindulitsa.
Mwachidule, ngati ndinu katswiri wodziwa masewera omwe mukuyang'ana chida chomwe chingakuthandizeni kukankhira malire a luso lanu, CryEngine ikhoza kukhala pulogalamu yomwe mwakhala mukuyembekezera.
10. Godot Engine: Open source software for 2D and 3D games
Tsopano tiyeni tilowe dziko lodabwitsa la mapulogalamu otseguka omwe amadziwika kuti Godot Injini. Godot Engine ndi chida chokulitsa masewera a kanema chomwe chimawala chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake, chifukwa chimalola kupanga masewera mu 2D ndi 3D. Mawonekedwe ake otseguka amatanthawuza kuti ndi pulogalamu yaulere, ndiye kuti, mutha kuyisintha ndikuyikonza molingana ndi zosowa zanu.
Godot Engine ndiyodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osavuta omwe amapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuyamba, ngakhale kwa oyambira pamasewera a kanema. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kosavuta sikukutanthauza kuti mphamvu zake ndizochepa. M'malo mwake, Godot Engine ikuwonetsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa masewera anu apakanema. Mwachitsanzo, ndi Godot Engine, mutha kuyang'anira magetsi ndi mithunzi molondola, ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a osewera anu.
Godot Engine ndi chisankho chokondedwa kwa ambiri opanga masewera a indie, ndipo chagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masewera angapo omwe amawonekera bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, Godot Engine ndi kuchulukan. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina aliwonse, kaya MacOS, Windows kapena Linux. Masewera anu akapangidwa ndi Godot Engine, amatha kuseweredwa osati pa intaneti komanso pa PC, komanso pazida za iOS ndi Android. Kusinthasintha uku ndi mwayi waukulu wa Godot Engine, chifukwa umakulitsa kwambiri omvera anu.
Mwachidule, Godot Engine ndi chida chothandiza komanso chopezeka chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wopanga masewera apakanema apamwamba kwambiri, mu 2D kapena 3D, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso zida zapamwamba. Magwero ake otseguka komanso kulumikizana kwa nsanja kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwa onse opanga masewera a kanema, kaya atsopano kapena odziwa zambiri.
Kutsiliza
Dziko lachitukuko chamasewera apakanema ndilalikulu komanso lodzaza ndi mwayi, wopereka zida zingapo zomwe zimapezeka kwa opanga omwe amakonda. Pulogalamu iliyonse yaulere yopanga masewera imakhala ndi mikhalidwe yake, komanso zovuta zake, zomwe zimapangitsa kusankha chida kukhala chisankho chofunikira popanga. Ndikofunika kusankha mapulogalamu omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa zanu zokha, komanso luso lanu lachitukuko cha masewera.
Mapulogalamu monga Masewera a GameMaker, Pangani, Stencyl, kos2d, RPG Maker, dinani gulu fusion zonse ndi zida zodabwitsa, chilichonse chili ndi mphamvu zakezake. Kaya ndinu ongoyamba kumene kupanga masewera kapena katswiri wodziwa kufunafuna zovuta, mapulogalamuwa amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zokuthandizani paulendo wanu wopanga.
Chofunika kwambiri ndikupeza mapulogalamu omwe amakuyenererani bwino, omwe amakulolani kubweretsa masomphenya anu kukhala ndi moyo, pamene mukupereka chitukuko chosavuta komanso mwachilengedwe. Kumbukirani, si chida chomwe chimapanga masewerawa, koma wopanga omwe amachigwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake chilichonse chomwe mungasankhe, khalani otsimikiza kuti mutha kupanga china chapadera kwambiri.
Mapulogalamu ovomerezeka opangira masewera apakanema kwaulere ndi GameMaker Studio 2, Construct 3, RPG Maker MZ, Stencyl, LÖVE ndi GDevelop.
GameMaker Studio 2 imapereka zida zamphamvu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana monga kupanga zithunzi ndi ma sprites, zinthu zokometsera, kukonza zolakwika ndi kukhathamiritsa masewerawa.
Inde, GameMaker Studio 2 ndi yoyenera kwa oyamba kumene. Imapereka njira "koka ndikugwetsa" kwa oyamba kumene ndikukulolani kuti muphunzire chinenero cha pulogalamu ya nsanja yotchedwa "GML".
