E-Siginecha: Momwe mungapangire siginecha yamagetsi?

Pangani siginecha yamagetsi & Siginecha ya E : Ndi kufalikira kwa teleworking chifukwa cha zovuta zaumoyo, kusankha kwa sainani zikalata patali kwakhala kofunikira kuti mupitilize kusinthana kwa kayendetsedwe kazamalonda ndi malonda. Zowonadi, siginecha yamagetsi ili ndi mtengo wofanana walamulo monga siginecha yolembedwa pamanja. Kodi siginecha yamagetsi ndi chiyani? Kodi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yotani? Kodi mungalembe bwanji chikalata ndi siginecha yamagetsi? Nazi zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za dossier yofuna iyi.

Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a ogwiritsa ntchito siginecha zamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito pazolemba zolandilidwa kuchokera kunja komanso zopangidwa mkati. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, makampani ayenera kusaina pakompyuta makamaka mitundu itatu ya zikalata izi: maoda ogula pa 69%, ma invoice ndi ma risiti 57%. Iwo akulondola! Pochita izi, amatetezanso deta yawo, chifukwa kusaina pakompyuta pa e-bill kumapangitsa kuti wosayinayo adziwike motsimikizika komanso kuti chikalatacho chitsimikizidwe. Pomaliza, misika yaboma pa 50%. Popeza lamulo la June 15, 2012, loyankha kuyitanidwa kwa digito pamakontrakitala aboma, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi satifiketi yosainira pakompyuta yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi siginecha yamagetsi ndi chiyani?

Siginecha yamagetsi ndi njira yaukadaulo yololeza kumanga osayina odziwika ku chikalata ndi kuvomereza kwake kotero, kuti mfundo, siginecha olembedwa pamanja. Izi zimatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa zikalata zosainidwa (zolemba zamalamulo, mafayilo, deta, ndi zina). Siginecha yolembedwa pamanja imayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zina. kuganiziridwa kuti ndi siginecha yamagetsi m'lingaliro lalamulo la mawuwo.

Kuti mupange siginecha ya digito, muyenera kupeza satifiketi yosayina, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ndinu ndani. Mukatumiza chikalata chachikulu kapena chosainidwa ndi digito, mumatumizanso satifiketi yanu ndi kiyi yapagulu. Zikalata zimaperekedwa ndi akuluakulu a certification ndipo, monga laisensi yoyendetsa, ikhoza kuthetsedwa. Satifiketi nthawi zambiri imakhala yogwira ntchito kwa chaka chimodzi, pambuyo pake wosayinayo ayenera kukonzanso kapena kupeza satifiketi yatsopano yosainira kuti adziwike.

Ulamuliro wa Certification - A certification Authority ndi bungwe lofanana ndi ofesi ya notarial. Imapereka ziphaso za digito, zimasainira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizovomerezeka, ndipo zimatsata ziphaso zomwe zidathetsedwa kapena kutha ntchito.

Tanthauzo laukadaulo la siginecha

Njira yaukadaulo ya siginecha yamagetsi imakhazikitsidwa ndi a satifiketi yamagetsi yoperekedwa ndi Certification Authority. Awa ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wopereka satifiketi, chitsimikiziro cha chizindikiritso chikachitidwa ndi bungwe lina (mwachitsanzo, olembetsa olembetsa). Lilinso ndi udindo wosunga ndi kufalitsa mndandanda wochotsa ziphaso zomwe lidapereka. Mukamaliza, satifiketiyo lili ndi makiyi otsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa chikalata chosainidwa komanso kukhulupirika kwake. Makiyi ake amadziwika kuti encryption (private key) ndi decryption (public key) makiyi

Certification Authority 

Adzapereka satifiketi ndani? Ndi Certification Authority yomwe imatha kukhala kampani kapena bungwe. Amabereka chiphaso chamagetsi chotsimikizira kuti ndi ndani mwalamulo kapena anthu achilengedwe. Certification Authority imagwira ntchito m'malo mwake: 

• Mkati: kugwiritsa ntchito satifiketi yomwe ilipo popanga mabaji ofikira, makhadi obisika kapena ma signature amagetsi a mamembala a bungwe lake. 
• Kunja: popereka ziphaso zololeza kugwiritsa ntchito siginecha yamagetsi ndi oyimilira ake ogulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano womwe udakhazikitsidwa kale komanso wotsimikiziridwa kale.

Koma itha kuchitanso m'malo mwa anthu ena ngati Gulu Lodalirika Lodziwika: 

• Padziko lonse lapansi (ku France yodziwika ndi ANSSI): imakhala PSCO yomwe imakwaniritsa mulingo wadziko lonse (RGS-General Safety Standard). 
• Pamlingo waku Europe (polemekeza zofunikira za EIDAS Regulation): ndi PSCQ yomwe imakwaniritsa mulingo waku Europe (kudzera ANSSI lomwe ndi bungwe loyang'anira ku France). Chonde dziwani kuti miyezo ya ku Europe ndi dziko si yofanana. 
• Padziko lonse lapansi: palibe zofunikira zodziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Njirayi ingakhale yodziwira ngati pali mgwirizano wovomerezeka pakati pa opereka mayiko kapena a ku Ulaya ndi dziko lachilendo lomwe likufunsidwa. 

Ndiye ndi njira yachinsinsi ndipo ndondomekoyi iyenera kubwerezedwa malinga ndi kusintha kwa malamulo kumbali imodzi kapena imzake.

Msika wama signature a digito

Mawonekedwe a akatswiri okhudzana ndi siginecha ya digito ndizabwino kwambiri. 85% amakhulupirira kuti siginecha yamagetsi ili ndi mtengo wofanana ndi siginecha yolembedwa pamanja. Ndithudi, zimenezo nzoona. Pafupifupi mabungwe atatu mwa anayi, ma signature amagetsi amakhudza zosakwana zolemba za 100 pamwezi. Makampani anayi mwa asanu amakonda kuthandizidwa ndi wothandizira wodalirika wovomerezeka ndi ANSSI.

Koma kuyesayesa kwa digito uku kumawoneka, malinga ndi omwe adafunsidwa, kukhala osalingana kutengera kukula kwamakampani omwe amaganiziridwa: 41% ndi ma SME, 53% ndimakampani apakati, ndipo 25% okha ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, mayankho a siginecha yamagetsi ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo mtengo wake ndi wololera kwambiri.

Siginecha yamagetsi ili ndi mtengo walamulo kuyambira pomwe lamuloli lidayamba kugwira ntchito n ° 2000-230 pa Marichi 13, 2000. Zikuwonetsa kuti siginecha ya digito imagwiritsa ntchito chilolezo cha wosayinayo mofanana ndi siginecha yolembedwa pamanja.

Njira zabwino kwambiri zopangira siginecha yamagetsi

chifukwa kusaina kubwereketsa kapena kugula malo, komanso kuti ili ndi mtengo wovomerezeka, muyenera kudutsa munthu wina wodalirika.. Makampani ambiri ali ndi zilolezo zotsimikizira zachitetezo, kugulitsa ndi kusunga. Ngati aliyense akupereka yankho lake, losavuta kapena losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, njira yawo ndi yofanana: ndondomekoyi ndi yofanana ndi kugula pa intaneti, ndi kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mwachinsinsi mwa SMS. Ndondomekoyi ili motere:

• Mumagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zanu kuti mulumikizane ndi tsamba la munthu wina wodalirika, kapena ngati mutatsimikizira kuti ndinu munthu woyenerera, kapena kiyi yanu yamagetsi.
• Mumawonjezera chikalatacho kuti musayine (mawu, PDF, ndi zina).
• Mumayitana osayinira mutalowa nawo (makamaka nambala yawo yam'manja).
• Wosaina aliyense adzalandira chidziwitso cha siginecha ndi imelo ndi nambala yotumizidwa ndi SMS kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha siginecha.

Izi zikunenedwa, pali zida zingapo zapaintaneti zomwe zimapereka ntchito yopangira siginecha yamagetsi ndikuwongolera zochitika pakompyuta, zowona zina zimakhala zolipitsidwa, zina ndizopanda malire pamlingo wa magwiridwe antchito omwe alipo. Pamndandanda wotsatirawu tikugawana nanu mndandanda wamayankho abwino kwambiri opangira siginecha yamagetsi yomwe imaphatikizapo zomwe zaperekedwa ndi France Num activators.

1. GULUTSA NDIPOSANKHA (oodrive)

Sell ​​​​& Sign ndi cholengedwa cha ku France chomwe chidapangidwa ndikupangidwa ku Marseille, mkati mwa Old Port. Kampaniyo imapereka a yankho lathunthu kuti mupange siginecha yamagetsi, kuphatikizapo digito yamakontrakitala, kutsata kwawo, kusonkhanitsa deta, komanso kuthekera kokhala ndi zolemba zosindikizidwa kutali, maso ndi maso kapena pa intaneti. Sell ​​​​& Sign imadziwika bwino pampikisano polola kuti magawo osinthika azisinthidwa kukhala makonda (Smartfields) kuti ayikidwe muzolemba zama digito ndikulola kuti zikalata zisainidwe maso ndi maso ngakhale popanda intaneti, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osalumikizidwa.

Sell ​​& Sign ndi woyambitsa Nambala waku France. Njira yothetsera siginecha yamagetsi yaku France iyi imapereka mwayi wolowera, womwe umapangidwira mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, kuchokera pa € ​​​​9,90 kuphatikiza Misonkho pamwezi wa siginecha 5 (ndi 1,99 kuphatikiza msonkho pa siginecha yowonjezera). Zotsatsa zathunthu zimapezeka mukapempha. Sell ​​​​& Sign imaperekanso kuphatikiza kwa yankho lake pamayankho omwe makasitomala ake amagwiritsa ntchito.

2. DocuSign

Ndi ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 250 miliyoni, DocuSign ndi imodzi mwamayankho abwino kwambiri opangira siginecha yamagetsi, komanso yosinthika kwambiri. 

DocuSign imadziwonetsa ngati "yankho la siginecha yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi". Ndipo kutchuka kwake sichifukwa chamwayi: chida, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kompyuta ndi pa foni yamakono, chimakulolani kuti musayine ndi kukhala ndi chikalata chilichonse chosindikizidwa mosavuta. Mtengo: kuchokera ku € 9 pamwezi (zochepa mpaka zolemba 5 pamwezi).

3. Inusign

Zopangidwira pamwamba pamagulu onse akulu akulu kapena ochepa, Yousign sikuti amangolola lowani pa intaneti, komanso konzani njira zofananira, pogawa maudindo a osayina, ovomereza, ndi zina. kapena poyambitsanso anthu omwe sanasaine.

chida chosavuta kupeza chomwe chimakulolani kutumiza, kusaina ndikutsimikizira zikalata zanu zamagetsi kuchokera kulikonse. Kuphatikiza apo, Yousign ndi 100% mawonekedwe achi French. Mtengo: Kuyambira 25 € pamwezi pa wogwiritsa ntchito.

4. Chizindikiro cha Adobe

Adobe wamkulu, Wopanga mtundu wa PDF, iliponso mu gawo la E-signature ndi Adobe Sign. Utumikiwu umapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa kutumiza ndi kusaina zikalata zanu pafupifupi. Zimaphatikizanso ntchito zotsimikizira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti siginecha ndiyovomerezeka mwalamulo. Mtengo: Kuchokera ku 17 € pamwezi.

5. LiveConsent

Yankho la siginecha yamagetsi yaku France LiveConsent imapereka mwayi woyambira ma euro 7 pamwezi. Werengani ma euro 19 pamtundu wonse. The yosavuta mawonekedwe ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Utumikiwu umaperekanso API yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wolumikiza yankho ku tsamba lanu, mapulogalamu anu kapena mapulogalamu anu (mwachitsanzo pamawu anu ndi ma invoice).

6. Eversign

Eversign ndi pulogalamu ya siginecha yamagetsi yomwe imapereka ma SME ndi mabizinesi akulu ndi nsanja yotetezeka momwe angavomereze, kutumiza ndi kusaina zikalata zomangirira mwalamulo pa intaneti. Ubwino waukulu wa ntchitoyi ndi automation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusaina zikalata m'magulumagulu ndipo imaperekanso kuphatikiza ndi ntchito zingapo zakunja monga Google Drive, Dropbox, etc. Eversign ndi yankho lofunikira la siginecha yamagetsi pamakina ake a ergonomics ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe amapezeka ndi onse. Mtengo: Pali mtundu waulere wokhala ndi zikalata 5 pamwezi. Zolinga zolipidwa zimayambira pa $ 9 pamwezi.

7. UniverSign

Universign ndi chisankho pamndandanda wathu wamayankho abwino kwambiri a siginecha ya digito. Othandizira odalirika odalirika malinga ndi malamulo aku Europe eIDAS, Universign imapereka nsanja ya SaaS yosainira pakompyuta, chisindikizo chamagetsi ndi masitampu anthawi. Mumvetsetsa, mosiyana ndi ena omwe akupikisana nawo, Universign ndi yankho lolimbikitsa. Mawonekedwe ake osavuta komanso osasunthika amalola wogwiritsa ntchito kuti apite molunjika ndipo vuto lililonse likuwoneka kuti lili ndi yankho lake. Mtengo: kuchokera ku 45 € pa paketi ya 25 siginecha.

8. SignWell

Mayankho osavuta, otetezeka komanso ovomerezeka a siginecha yamagetsi onse m'modzi: izi ndi zomwe SignWell (Docsketch) imapereka, chida chosavuta kupeza chomwe chimakulolani kutumiza, lowani ndikutsimikizira zikalata zanu zamagetsi kuchokera kulikonse ndi dongosolo laulere. Mtengo: mtundu waulere wokhala ndi zikalata 3 pamwezi.

9. Chizindikiro Chosavuta

SignEasy ndi njira yosavuta yosaina zikalata ndikuzitumiza kuti zisayine. Ndi SignEasy, siginecha ndizovomerezeka mwalamulo ndipo zimathandizidwa ndi njira yowunikira digito. SignEasy ndiye chida chothandizira siginecha yabwino ya digito kwa iwo omwe amakhala nthawi zonse. Mtengo: Kuyambira pa $ 149 pachaka.

10. GetAccept

Pa intaneti kuyambira 2018, GetAccept imakulonjezani kumasuka komanso kuthamanga kwa kusaina zikalata pa intaneti. Komanso, amapereka ufulu woyeserera kupenda mbali zake zosiyanasiyana.

Onjezani masiginecha a digito mu Mawu, Excel, kapena PowerPoint

une siginecha yosaoneka ya digito imatsimikizira zowona, kukhulupirika ndi chiyambi cha chikalatacho. Mutha kuwonjezera masiginecha osawoneka a digito ku zolemba za Mawu, ma spreadsheets a Excel, ndi mawonetsero a PowerPoint. Batani la Signature limawonekera pansi pa zikalata zosainidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pazolemba izi, zidziwitso za siginecha zimawonekera mugawo la Info lomwe limawonekera mukadina Fayilo tabu.

1. Dinani pa tabu Fichier.
2. Dinani mudziwe.
3. Dinani Tetezani chikalatacho, Tetezani buku lantchito ou Tetezani ulaliki.
4. Dinani Onjezani siginecha ya digito.
5. Werengani uthenga wa Mawu, Excel, kapena PowerPoint, kenako dinani OK.
6. Mu bokosi lazokambirana chizindikiro, mu zoni Cholinga chosayina chikalatachi, onetsani chifukwa.
7. Dinani chizindikiro.

Fayiloyo ikasainidwa ndi digito, batani la Signature limawonekera ndipo fayiloyo imakhala yowerengedwa kokha kuti isasinthe.

Kuwerenga: Pamwamba - 5 Yabwino Kwambiri Yaulere ya PDF to Word Converter popanda Kuyika

Saina chikalata cha Mawu pakompyuta

Ngati mukufuna kusindikiza chikalata chanu, yankho ili ndilofulumira komanso losavuta. M'malo mwake, ntchito ya mzere wa Signature imawonjezera malo pachikalata chanu kukulolani kusaina chikalata chosindikizidwa. Komabe, njirayi ikupezeka mu Word for Windows yokha. Ngati mumagwira ntchito pa Mac kapena mu Mawu pa intaneti, kapena ngati mungafune onjezani siginecha yolemba mwachangu pamanja mwachindunji mu Windows Windows popanda njira zachitetezo, onani gawo lathu Kuyika siginecha yolemba pamanja.

• Yambitsani Mawu a Windows ndikutsegula chikalata chomwe mukufuna kuwonjezera siginecha.
• Mu riboni ya ntchito, dinani tabu Kuika.
• Dinani siginecha mu gawo la Text.
• Zenera lotchedwa Kukhazikika kwa siginecha ikuwonetsedwa. Lembani magawo ofunikira: dzina la wosayina, ntchito / mutu, ndi zina. Dinani pa batani OK kutsimikizira ndi kutseka zenera.
• Bokosi losainira lidzawonekera muzolemba zanu. Mutha kuziyika kulikonse komwe mukufuna. Pamene siginecha yasankhidwa, gwiritsani ntchito mwachitsanzo mabatani Sanjani kumanzere, kumanja ou Pakati tabu olandiridwa kuziyika izo. 
• Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikusindikiza chikalatacho kuti musayine pamanja kapena kusunga - mumtundu wa docx - kuti muphatikize siginecha ya digito.

Saina chikalata cha Mawu pa Android kapena iPhone

Ndi njira iyi mutha kudzaza ndi kusaina mafomu a PDF omwe amalandilidwa ndi imelo mwachindunji kuchokera ku smartphone yanu. Kuti tichite izi tifunika kutsitsa ndikuyika Adobe Fill & Sign pa smartphone yanu. Ndioperekedwa kwaulere komanso kupezeka pa iOS mpaka Android.

Kuchokera patsamba loyambira la pulogalamuyo, dinani Sankhani fomu kuti mudzaze ndikusankha komwe chikalatacho chimachokera. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, mawonedwe ndi kusuntha mawonekedwe, nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito zala ziwiri.

Adobe Fill & Sign imakupatsani mwayi woyika siginecha yolemba pamanja pazolemba zomwe mwalemba. Dinani chizindikiro cha Signature pansi pazenera kuti Pangani siginecha yatsopano. Zenera la Adobe Fill & Sign liyenera kusintha kukhala mawonekedwe amtundu. Pogwiritsa ntchito chala chanu, jambulani siginecha yanu kuti muwonetsetse kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito zoyambira ndikusindikiza Zatha. Sunthani siginecha m'bokosi lomwe laperekedwa kuti lichite izi, ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, sinthani kukula kwake pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chosonyeza mivi yanjira ziwiri.

Chikalata chanu chikadzadza, dinani Zachitika kuti musunge ku pulogalamuyi kapena dinani batani logawana kuti mubwezerenso imelo.

Momwe mungalembetsere fayilo ya PDF pa digito?

Kuti musayine fayilo kapena fomu ya PDF, mutha kulemba kapena kutsatira siginecha yanu yolemba pamanja kapena kuyika chithunzi chake. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera malemba, kuphatikizapo dzina lanu, kampani, mutu, kapena tsiku. Mukasunga PDF yanu, siginecha ndi zolemba zimakhala gawo lake.

1. Tsegulani chikalata kapena fomu ya PDF kuti musayine.
2. Dinani chizindikiro chosayina pazida. Mukhozanso kusankha Zida> Dzazani & Saina kapena dinani Lembani & Lowani pagawo lakumanja.
3. Pazenera lomwe likuwoneka, dinani Lembani ndikusayina.
4. Minda ya fomu imadziwikiratu. Ikani cholozera cha mbewa pamwamba pa imodzi mwa izo kuti muwonetse malo abuluu. Dinani paliponse m'dera labuluu, cholozeracho chidzayikidwa pamalo oyenera. Lowetsani mawu anu kuti mudzaze m'munda. 

Mutha kusankha mtundu woti mudzaze nawo fomu ya PDF. Dinani batani lamtundu pagulu la Dzazani ndi Saina ndikusankha mtundu. Mwachikhazikitso, siginecha yamtundu ndi yakuda. Kuti musunge mtundu wa siginecha yokhazikika, onetsetsani kuti mtundu wa Sungani siginecha yoyambirira sunachongedwe.

Pangani siginecha pa chikalata cha PDF osasindikiza

Tsegulani pulogalamuyo ndi chikalata chomwe mukufuna kusaina. Sankhani chizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a cholembera cha nthenga, kapena pitani ku "Zida" ndikusankha "Tsitsani ndi kusaina".

Musanasaine chikalata chanu, muyenera pangani siginecha, ngati sichinachitikebe. Sankhani " chizindikiro "Pamwamba pa chikalata chanu, ndiye" Onjezani siginecha".

Muli ndi mwayi zitatu: " Taper "Zimakulolani kuti mulembe dzina lanu lomwe likuwoneka molemba pamanja pachikalatacho," Wosaka »Imakulolani kuti musayine monga momwe mungachitire ndi cholembera koma ndi mbewa ya kompyuta yanu ndipo mutha kumaliza lowetsani siginecha zomwe zidachitika kale ndi cholembera papepala loyera, lomwe mwalemba kale pakompyuta yanu. Ndizotheka kulembetsa mitundu ingapo ya ma signature.

Chikalatacho chikasainidwa, sankhaninso chizindikiro cha kasupe ndipo muwona masiginecha onse omwe mudasunga. Sankhani yomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, ndikudina pomwe siginecha yanu ikufunika.

Kodi siginecha ya digito imatsimikizira chiyani?

• lodalirika. Wosaina amatsimikiziridwa motero.
• wokhulupirika. Zomwe zili mu chikalata sizinasinthidwe kapena kusokonezedwa kuyambira pomwe zidasainidwa ndi digito.
• Kusakana. Tsimikizirani zoyambira zomwe zasainidwa kwa magulu onse. Mawu akuti kukana amatanthauza mchitidwe wa wosayina kukana kulumikizana kulikonse ndi zomwe wasayina.
• Electronic notarization. Nthawi zina, siginecha zomwe zimayikidwa m'mafayilo a Mawu, Excel kapena PowerPoint ndikudindidwa nthawi ndi seva yotetezedwa yanthawi yayitali zimakhala ndi phindu la notarization yamagetsi.

Onaninso: Njira 10 Zabwino Kwambiri Lolemba.com kuti Muzigwiritsa Ntchito Zanu & Swiss Transfer - Chida Chotetezedwa Chapamwamba Chosamutsa Mafayilo Aakulu

Kuti apereke zitsimikizo izi, wopanga zinthu ayenera kusaina pakompyuta ndi siginecha yomwe ikukwaniritsa izi:

• Siginecha ya digito ndiyovomerezeka.
• Satifiketi yolumikizidwa ndi siginecha ya digito ndiyothandiza (yosatha ntchito).
• Munthu amene wasaina kapena kampani, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti "wofalitsa", amavomerezedwa.Zofunika: Zolemba zosayinidwa zokhala ndi sitampu yovomerezeka zimawonedwa kuti zili ndi siginecha zovomerezeka mosasamala kanthu za zaka kapena kuthetsedwa kwa satifiketi yosayina.
• Satifiketi yolumikizidwa ndi siginecha ya digito imaperekedwa kwa wosindikiza yemwe wasayina ndi akuluakulu ovomerezeka ovomerezeka.

Potsirizira pake, ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti lamulo limakhazikitsa zikhalidwe zovomerezeka za siginecha yamagetsi. Zimafunika kukhalapo kwa "ndondomeko yodalirika yozindikiritsa", kutanthauza kuti ziyenera kutheka kuti: zitsimikizire kuti wosayinayo ndi ndani; kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa chikalatacho, mwachitsanzo, tsimikizirani kuti chikalata chosainidwa sichinasinthidwe.

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