Isetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ikhasi kanye nombhalo. Lokhu kungaba ngokwesibonelo umngcele owenziwe ngamaphethini ezimbali nezitshalo, ukuhlanganisa (amaphethini abstract ahlanganisiwe). Uhlamvu lungamane lufakwe umbala (ngokuvamile lube bomvu) ukumaka ukuqala kwesahluko noma isigaba esisha.
Ayini amathuluzi okukhanyisa? Ihansi, i-pheasant, igwababa, i-turkey, izimpaphe zokhozi, isibonelo, zazisetshenziselwa ukubhala. Uphaphe lwensimbi lusetshenziswa "yesimanje" (XIX°) nakuba lwasungulwa kudala (ukutholwa kwezimpaphe zethusi ngesikhathi kumbiwa endaweni yasendulo).
Isikhumba senziwe kanjani?
Isikhumba sezimvu, isikhumba senkonyane noma izimbuzi ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthola ukubhala. Isikhumba sethole elincane kakhulu, esicolekileyo kakhulu; kuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi "vellum". Ukusungulwa kwe isikhumba, okuthiwa inganekwane yaqanjwa izakhamuzi zasePhergamoni (yingakho igama elithi pergamenum), ngokungangabazeki isukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yobuKristu.
I-illumination ne-miniature zifana ngani?
Khanyisa kuyinto ubuciko bokudweba nokudweba emibhalweni yesandla noma ezincwadini. VS'kuyinto ubuciko obunemibala, empeleni benkathi ephakathi. I okuncane, ngaye, kuyinto umdwebo ozimele wezilinganiso ezincane, ozophunyuka encwadini ukuze ube umsebenzi wobuciko ngokwawo, ungalaleli ikhodi.
Uhlotshiswe kanjani umbhalo wesandla weCarolingian?
ngaphandle kwegolide, nesiliva nokunsomi; imibhalo yesandla ihlotshisiwe usebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemibala ekhanyayo noma emnyama evela kumbala wemvelo, wemvelaphi yezimbiwa (i-vermilion, i-lapis lazuli, i-orpiment ...), isilwane (onsomi ...), imifino (i-indigo, i-orseille ...), noma izingulube zokwenziwa , ikhiqizwe...
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokukhanyisa?
Kuyenzekakuyinto akuvamile ukuthola embhalweni wesandla ofanayo eziningana izinhlobo umhlobiso. Umuntu uhlukanisa ikakhulukazi izigcawu ezingokomfanekiso, izingoma zokuhlobisa kanye nama-initials.
Uyini umsebenzi we-illuminator?
Ngebhulashi nepeni, iisikhanyisi dweba futhi ufake umbala izinhlamvu zokuqala kanye nemihlobiso yemibhalo yesandla yenkolo noma yezwe. Umdwebo kuyinto eyenziwe ngezingulube zemvelo, it kuyinto ngezinye izikhathi ithuthukiswa ngeqabunga legolide noma lesiliva, elifakwe emaphepheni obuciko obuhle noma esikhumbeni.
Kuyini ukukhanya?
Theisikhanyisi, ngenye indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-light primer, ithuthukisa ibala elimnyama nelidabukisa kakhulu. Umkhiqizo obalulekile wangempela wokuthola izimonyo ezikhanyayo, ugqamisa izindawo ezithile zobuso ngenkathi uvala izimpawu eziningi zokukhathala ngenxa yokudlala okucashile kwethunzi nezibani.
Ithini igama lendebe evezwe emqulwini?
Igazi likaKristu kuyinto elifanekiselwa iwayini. 5- Ngokolwazi lwakho, ithini igama lendebe emelelwe esikhumbeni ? I- nom de ce ukusika yi i-Chalice eNgcwele.
Uyini umqulu ongenalutho?
Le isikhumba okusetshenziselwa ukubhala nokunyathelisa ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngezikhumba zezimbuzi nezimvu; enhle kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-vellum noma i-P[archemin] intombi, senziwa ngezikhumba zamathole, ezewundlu noma zezinyane lembuzi; i isikhumba amaholoholo, okwezikrini, izigubhu, njll.
Ungawenza kanjani umqulu ku-Word?
Ukuze uguqule idokhumenti ibe isikhumba, Indwangu, itshe noma izinkuni, ungasebenzisa ukuthungwa njengesizinda. iZwi ikunikeza ukukhetha phakathi kokwakheka okuningana. Vula ithebhu ethi Design yeribhoni iZwi. Endaweni Yengemuva Lekhasi, chofoza Umbala Wekhasi bese uchofoza okuthi Gcwalisa Imiphumela.
Iyini i-miniature ngeNkathi Ephakathi?
Au Iminyaka ephakathi, i-calligrapher qui esetshenziswa le oxide yayibizwa ngesiLatini miniator. … Ubuncane kuyinto i-oxide yomthofu esetshenziswa njenge-vermilion red pigment ukulandelela izinhlamvu emibhalweni yesandla ekhanyisiwe. Ngokungeziwe, i okuncane uye waqoka isithombe esikhiqizwe ezincwadini ngokucophelela.
Iyiphi i-calligraphy eyayisetshenziswa emibhalweni yesandla yangenkathi ephakathi?
Imibhalo yayibhalwe ngepeni; ukuzenza, thina wasebenzisa izimpaphe zamahansi, amadada noma ezinye izinyoni.
Kungani singase sithi lo mbhalo wesandla uwumsebenzi wobuciko?
Ukugcwaliseka kwe-a umbhalo wesandla imele a umsebenzi isikhathi eside, okwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana et ibiza amakhono ahlukahlukene wezingcweti eziningana et abaculi. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukopisha ifayela umbhalo usho kahle.
Yiziphi izikhungo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza zemibhalo yesandla yeCarolingian?
Les imibhalo yesandla i-imperial kanye nabo, isebenza kusukela kwabakhulu izikhungo zokukhiqiza ukusuka eNyakatho naseMpumalanga yeFrance kuya eSigodini saseLoire, nge-Ile-de-France, simema ukuthi sibheke kabusha ukusekelwa kombuso, isimo sezincwadi engcebweni yamasonto futhi, ngokujwayelekile, ku ...
Ubani umcabango omkhulu weCarolingian Renaissance?
Charlemagne, izikole kanye namasiko enkantolo.
Iyini i-drop cap ngeNkathi Ephakathi?
a wisa cap somlando, ebizwa nangokuthi incwadi yomlando, kanjalo qu'isiqalo esinomlando kuyinto uhlamvu olulandisayo oluwubukhazikhazi olwakha esinye sezici zoqobo zesakhiwo Iminyaka ephakathi. yena kuyinto kuhlukanisiwe, kunwetshwe emzimbeni wombhalo futhi kuvame ukubekwa kuqala.
Iyini i-drop cap ngeNkathi Ephakathi?
a wisa cap somlando, ebizwa nangokuthi incwadi yomlando, kanjalo qu'isiqalo esinomlando kuyinto uhlamvu olulandisayo oluwubukhazikhazi olwakha esinye sezici zoqobo zesakhiwo Iminyaka ephakathi. yena kuyinto kuhlukanisiwe, kunwetshwe emzimbeni wombhalo futhi kuvame ukubekwa kuqala.
Iliphi iphepha lokukhanyisa?
Kukhona zonke izinhlobo iphepha, kodwa iphepha esetshenziswa ngokwesiko ngoba l 'ukukhanya is a iphepha eqinile (cishe 300g) eshisayo icindezelwe njenge iphepha i-watercolor. Ungakwazi futhi ukuthatha izinyathelo zakho zokuqala iphepha ugqinsi oluncane oluthengiswa ngamabhulokhi noma ngawodwana. Khetha kubo amaphepha i-asidi futhi ayimundi.
Ngubani owabhala imiqulu?
Ngokuphoqeleka ukuba bathole umkhiqizo ozothatha indawo yawo, izakhamuzi zasePhergamoni, ngokusho kukaVarro noPliny, zaziyosungula isikhumba noma "isikhumba sePergamon". Embhalweni awumemezela ngo-301 A.D.
Siyini isiphawulo sesikhumba?
Incazelo yesikhumba
okubukeka sengathi a isikhumba, yomile futhi ishwabene.
Ungawusebenzisa kanjani umqulu?
Theutiliser Iseluleko sethu sokuqala kuzoba ukugcina eyakho isikhumba endaweni eyomile, kude nokukhanya. Leli phepha lintekenteke kakhulu futhi kufanele ligcinwe ngokucophelela okukhulu. Lungisa iphepha ngaphambi kwe-utiliser, lokhu kuzokuvimbela ukuthi ungawudali.
Avezwa kanjani amakhasi esikhumba?
Amashidi angahlanganiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene: i-volumen iyisethi yamaphepha athungelwe komunye nomunye futhi yakha umqulu (usetshenziswe kuze kube yi-IV. e - V e ikhulunyaka). Kusatholakala kaningi ku-XV e ekhulwini, ngokwesibonelo eBrittany, ezosetshenziselwa ukubhalwa isikhathi eside kwezivivinyo.