Kangangeenkulungwane, iiGypsies beziyinxalenye yenkcubeko yaseSpeyin. Nangona ubukho bawo bubuyela emva, iwonga labo elisemthethweni kunye namalungelo abo njengegcuntswana lesizwe asanda kumkelwa. Ngaphandle kobunzima abajongene nabo, aba bantu baye banegalelo elikhulu ekuphuculeni inkcubeko yaseSpeyin.
Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imbali yamaGypsies eSpain kunye nobume babo bomthetho, ubunzima kunye negalelo lenkcubeko. Siza kubona kwakhona iinzame ezenziwe yiSpeyin ukuphucula imeko yabo kwaye siya kuhlola amathuba ekamva lamaGypsies eSpain.
Imbali yamaGypsy eSpain
AmaGypsies aqala ukukhankanya eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, bafudukela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ikakhulu ngenxa yentshutshiso nocalucalulo olwafunyanwa kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa. ISpain yaba lelinye lamazwe okuqala aseYurophu ukwamkela amaGypsies, ngenxa yemozulu kunye nenkcubeko yokunyamezelana.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, amaGypsies eSpeyin aye atshutshiswa aza acalulwa ngabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni, kuquka abancini-mthetho nabasemagunyeni bonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1554 kwakhutshwa umthetho wasebukhosini owawubalela amaGypsy ukuba angene kummandla waseSpeyin. AmaGypsy atshutshiswa ngenxa yendlela awayephila ngayo neenkolelo zawo yaye ayebekelwa imiqathango emininzi nocalucalulo.
Inkulungwane yama-1950 yaphawulwa ngokuphucuka kwimeko yamaGypsy eSpeyin. I-XNUMX yayiyixesha lokuguqulwa kunye nesimanje, kwaye abaphathi baseSpain baqala ukuqaphela amalungelo e-gypsies kwaye bawabandakanya kwiinkqubo zophuhliso loluntu.
Nangona le nkqubela phambili, amaGypsies eSpeyin aqhubeka ejongene nocalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo. AmaGypsy asoloko enxulunyaniswa nolwaphulo-mthetho nentlupheko kwaye ajongana nemiqobo ekufumaneni umsebenzi nemfundo.
Kwi-1982, iSpain yaqaphela i-Gypsy encinci njengeqela elihlukileyo kwaye yagqithisa umthetho onika amalungelo athile, kuquka izindlu, impilo kunye nemfundo. Kwi-2005, iSpeyin yaba lilizwe lokuqala laseYurophu ukuba lamkele isicwangciso sesizwe sokukhuthaza nokukhusela amalungelo amaGypsies.
Kwi-2017, iSpeyin yadlulisela umthetho ojolise ekukhuthazeni ukubandakanywa kwentlalo yabantu baseGypsies kunye nokuphucula iimeko zabo zokuhlala. Umthetho uye wanconywa njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya phambili kumalungelo e-gypsies eSpain kwaye uye wamkelwa luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Nangona le nkqubela phambili, amaGypsies eSpeyin asajongene nobunzima bezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye ukungalingani kuyaqhubeka. Amagunya aseSpain kunye namaqela amalungelo e-gypsy aqhubeka nokusebenza ukuphucula imeko ye-gypsies eSpain kunye nokukhuthaza amalungelo abo kunye negalelo lenkcubeko.
Ubume bomthetho beGypsies eSpain
IiGypsies zaseSpain kudala zijongwa njengabantu abancinci kwaye abangaphuhliswanga ngokwaneleyo. Abazange baqatshelwe njengoluntu olusemthethweni kwaye babandezeleka kucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo. Inkqubela phambili yomthetho kwiminyaka yee-1990, nangona kunjalo, iphucule imeko esemthethweni yamaGypsies eSpain, nangona imiqobo isekho.
Namhlanje, amaGypsy aseSpeyin anandipha amalungelo omgaqo-siseko nasemthethweni. Umgaqo-siseko waseSpain we-1978 iyabuqonda ubukho bamaqela amancinci angama-gypsy kwaye ubanike ilungelo lokhuseleko olulodwa. Umthetho we-1998 wamalungelo abantu abancinci bobuhlanga kunye neenkcubeko nabo baphucula imeko esemthethweni yamaGypsies eSpain.
Ukongeza, iiGypsies zaseSpain zikhuselwe ngumthetho weEuropean Union Community. UMqulu Wamalungelo Asisiseko weManyano yaseYurophu uqinisekisa ukuhlonelwa kweyantlukwano namalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abemi baseYurophu, kuquka iintlanga nenkcubeko yabantu abambalwa.
Nangona le nkqubela phambili, amaGypsies eSpain asajongene nemiqobo malunga namalungelo asemthethweni. Ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nentlupheko zisekhona kwiindawo ezithile zelizwe. AmaGypsy ajongene nokungaqatshelwa kwamalungelo kunye nocalucalulo ekufikeleleni kwimfundo, impilo kunye nemisebenzi.
Ngapha koko, imeko esemthethweni yamaGypsies eSpain isebuthathaka kwaye isesichengeni. Umthetho okhoyo akonelanga ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwawo kunye nokubandakanywa koluntu. Imizamo eyongezelelekileyo iyafuneka ukuze kuphuhliswe amalungelo abo asisiseko kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwawo kuluntu lwaseSpeyin.
Ekugqibeleni, ukulwa nocalucalulo kunye nokudityaniswa kwentlalo yamaGypsies eSpain akunakuqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuzinikela kwezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle yabasemagunyeni kunye nabemi. Kubalulekile ukuba imibutho kunye nabemi basebenzisane ukukhuthaza inkcubeko yentlonipho kunye nokunyamezelana malunga nobuhlanga kunye neenkcubeko ezincinci eSpain.
Ubunzima obujongene namaGypsies eSpain
AmaGypsies eSpain ajongene nobunzima obuninzi ngenxa yocalucalulo abajongene nalo. Enyanisweni, nangona uMgaqo-siseko waseSpain uqinisekisa ilungelo lokulingana, amaGypsies ahlala engamaxhoba okucalucalulwa kunye nokucalulwa. Ucalucalulo lunokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusukela ekukhetheni intlalo noqoqosho ukuya kubundlobongela obusenyameni kunye nebala.
Ukongeza, amaGypsies ahlala ejongana nemiqobo yesakhiwo ethintela ukuba bafikelele kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. AmaGypsies ahlala ekhutshelwa ngaphandle kwimfundo yoluntu kunye neenkqubo zempilo, ezibathintela ekufumaneni amathuba anokuthi abavumele ukuba babalekele intlupheko. Ngaphezu koko, amaGypsy ahlala engamaxhoba okucalucalulwa emsebenzini kwaye ajongana nezinga eliphezulu lentswela-ngqesho kunabantu bonke.
Ukongeza, iiGypsies zihlala zijongene neengxaki ezinxulumene nokufikelela kwizindlu. Uninzi lwamaGypsies luhlala kwiimeko ezinobungozi, njengoko bengenakho ukufikelela kwizindlu ezifanelekileyo nezifikelelekayo. Ukongeza, uninzi lwamaGypsies lugxothiwe kwaye kufuneka luhlale kwiinkampu zeembacu zexeshana okanye kwiindawo zokufihla intloko.
Ekugqibeleni, amaGypsies ahlala ejongene nemiqobo ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo zoluntu, ezifana noncedo loluntu kunye nokukhuselwa koluntu. Ukongeza, amaGypsy ahlala ejongana nemiqobo ekufumaneni ubulungisa. Inene, amaGypsies adla ngokuba ngamaxhoba okucalucalulwa kunye nobuhlanga xa bezama ukumela amalungelo abo enkundleni.
Ukuqukumbela, amaGypsies eSpain ajongene nobunzima obuninzi ngenxa yocalucalulo abajongene nalo. Izithintelo zesakhiwo, ezifana nokufikelela kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nezindlu, kunye nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zoluntu kunye nobulungisa, zizinto ezibangela ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-gypsies eSpain.
Iminikelo yeNkcubeko yamaGypsies eSpain
IiGypsies eSpain zinegalelo elibaluleke kakhulu nelahlukileyo lenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo kwaye yaxatyiswa kwihlabathi liphela. Inkcubeko yamaGypsy yindlela yokubonakalisa etyebileyo kwimbali nakwizithethe. AmaGypsy aziwa ngomculo wawo, umdaniso, indlela yokuphila, amasiko kunye nobugcisa.
Umculo wamaGypsy udume kwihlabathi liphela kwaye uthathwa njengelitye elinqabileyo lenkcubeko yaseSpain. Waziwa ngezandi zakhe ezimyoli kunye neentshukumo ezishukumayo. Umculo wamaGypsy unempembelelo kakhulu kwaye uye wamkelwa ngokubanzi zezinye iintlobo zomculo, ezifana neflamenco kunye nesalsa.
Umdaniso wamaGypsy yenye inkalo ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yamaGypsy. AmaGypsy aziwa ngokushukuma kwawo ulwelo kunye nengqiqo yesingqisho. Imidaniso yamaGypsy ichaza kakhulu kwaye inokusetyenziswa ukubalisa amabali okanye ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo. Eminye yemidaniso edumileyo yiflamenco kunye nerumba.
AmaGypsy ayaziwa nangendlela yawo yokuphila kunye nesiko lawo. Baziwa ngokuba nobubele kunye nemvakalelo yosapho. AmaGypsies anamathele kakhulu kwinkcubeko kunye nezithethe zawo kwaye abeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kwimbeko nokunyaniseka.
Umzobo wamaGypsy nawo utyebe kakhulu kwaye uyahluka kwaye ubandakanya iindlela zobugcisa ezifana nokupeyinta, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kunye nomculo. AmaGypsies ayaziwa ngetalente yawo yobugcisa kunye nobuchule babo. Ubugcisa beGypsy bunemibala kakhulu kwaye bucacile kwaye bunokubonwa ezitratweni, iikhefi kunye neegalari zaseSpain.
Ngoko ke, iiGypsies eSpain zineenkcubeko ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nezahlukeneyo. Umculo, umdaniso, indlela yokuphila ISpain yenze imizamo emikhulu yokuphucula imeko yamaGypsies, awayekade ejongelwa phantsi kwaye ejongelwa phantsi. Ngo-2007, urhulumente waseSpain wamkela isicwangciso sesizwe sokukhuthaza nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo amaGypsy. Esi sicwangciso senzelwe ukukhuthaza ukubandakanywa kwentlalo kunye noqoqosho lwamaGypsies, kunye nokuphucula iimeko zabo zokuhlala.
Isicwangciso sesizwe sokukhuthazwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu baseGypsies siquka imilinganiselo yokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nempilo yabantu baseGypsies, kwakunye nokulwa nocalucalulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle abangamaxhoba abo. Ikwabandakanya imilinganiselo yokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabaseGypsy kuluntu kunye nokukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwabo kwimarike yezemisebenzi.
Ukongeza kwesi sicwangciso, urhulumente waseSpain uye wadala iinkqubo ezininzi ezijolise ekuphuculeni iimeko zokuhlala zamaGypsies. Umzekelo, inkqubo "yePact for the integration of Gypsies" ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukufikelela kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nempilo yamaGypsies, kunye nokulwa ucalucalulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwentlalo bangamaxhoba.
Urhulumente waseSpain uye wabeka amanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuqeshwa kwamaGypsies. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye "Spain of Possibilities" yasungulwa ngo-2008 ukunika iinkampani zabucala inkxaso yemali ukuqesha amaGypsies. Ukongeza, urhulumente waseSpain uye waseka iinkqubo zoqeqesho kunye nezifundo zokufunda kwiiGypsies ukuze abanike izixhobo abazidingayo ukuze bafumane umsebenzi.
ISpeyin iye yabeka iinkqubo zokuphucula ukufikelela kwiiGypsies kwiinkonzo zoluntu, ezifana namanzi, umbane kunye negesi. Urhulumente waseSpain ukwamisele iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwabantu baseGypsy kwimfundo nakwimpilo.
Okokugqibela, urhulumente waseSpain uye waseka iinkqubo ezijolise ekukhuthazeni inkcubeko yamaGypsy kunye nokulwa ukunganyamezeli kunye nocalucalulo. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ngokukodwa ukukhuthaza iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nokukhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kweenkcubeko zamaGypsy.
Iinzame zorhulumente waseSpain zokuphucula imeko yamaGypsy zamkelwe luluntu lwamaGypsy. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe ukuphucula imeko yamaGypsies eSpain kunye nokwenza ukuba bazuze ngokupheleleyo kumalungelo afanayo nabanye abemi baseSpain., Izithethe kunye nobugcisa bamaGypsies zinempembelelo kakhulu kwaye ziyaxatyiswa kulo lonke. Umhlaba. AmaGypsy aziwa ngokuba nobubele, imvakalelo yosapho, imbeko nokunyaniseka. Ubugcisa beGypsy bunemibala kakhulu kwaye bucacile. Ngoko ke kuyacaca ukuba amaGypsies eSpeyin aneenkcubeko ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezifanelwe ukuqatshelwa kunye nokuhlonishwa.
Imizamo yaseSpeyin yokuphucula imeko yamaGypsy
ISpain yenze iinzame ezinkulu zokuphucula imeko yamaGypsies, awayekade ejongelwa phantsi kwaye ebekwe ibala. Ngo-2007, urhulumente waseSpain wamkela isicwangciso sesizwe sokukhuthaza nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo amaGypsy. Esi sicwangciso senzelwe ukukhuthaza ukubandakanywa kwentlalo kunye noqoqosho lwamaGypsies, kunye nokuphucula iimeko zabo zokuhlala.
Isicwangciso sesizwe sokukhuthazwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu baseGypsies siquka imilinganiselo yokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nempilo yabantu baseGypsies, kwakunye nokulwa nocalucalulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle abangamaxhoba abo. Ikwabandakanya imilinganiselo yokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabaseGypsy kuluntu kunye nokukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwabo kwimarike yezemisebenzi.
Ukongeza kwesi sicwangciso, urhulumente waseSpain uye wadala iinkqubo ezininzi ezijolise ekuphuculeni iimeko zokuhlala zamaGypsies. Umzekelo, inkqubo "yePact for the integration of Gypsies" ijolise ekukhuthazeni ukufikelela kwimfundo, ingqesho kunye nempilo yamaGypsies, kunye nokulwa ucalucalulo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwentlalo bangamaxhoba.
Urhulumente waseSpain uye wabeka amanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuqeshwa kwamaGypsies. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye "Spain of Possibilities" yasungulwa ngo-2008 ukunika iinkampani zabucala inkxaso yemali ukuqesha amaGypsies. Ukongeza, urhulumente waseSpain uye waseka iinkqubo zoqeqesho kunye nezifundo zokufunda kwiiGypsies ukuze abanike izixhobo abazidingayo ukuze bafumane umsebenzi.
Spain kwakhona iinkqubo endaweni ukuba ukuphucula ukufikelela kwabantu baseGypsy kwiinkonzo zoluntu, njengamanzi, umbane kunye negesi. Urhulumente waseSpain ukwamisele iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ukufikelela kwabantu baseGypsy kwimfundo nakwimpilo.
Okokugqibela, urhulumente waseSpain uye waseka iinkqubo ezijolise ekukhuthazeni inkcubeko yamaGypsy kunye nokulwa ukunganyamezeli kunye nocalucalulo. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ngokukodwa ukukhuthaza iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nokukhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kweenkcubeko zamaGypsy.
Iinzame zorhulumente waseSpain zokuphucula imeko yamaGypsy zamkelwe luluntu lwamaGypsy. Nangona kunjalo, usemninzi umsebenzi omele wenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe imeko yamaGypsies eSpeyin kunye nokubenza bazuze ngokupheleleyo kumalungelo afanayo nabanye abemi baseSpeyin.
Amathemba ekamva lamaGypsies eSpain
AmaGypsy eSpeyin aye atyhubela iinkulungwane zengcinezelo nokungekho sikweni. Namhlanje, imeko yabo iyatshintsha. Iinzame zikarhulumente waseSpeyin zokuphucula iimeko zabo zokuhlala zivelisa iziqhamo. Amathemba ekamva lamaGypsies eSpain ke alungile.
Uninzi lwamaGypsies eSpain luhlala kwiimeko ezinobungozi kwaye bahlala bengamaxhoba ocalucalulo. Noko ke, kutshanje urhulumente waseSpeyin uye waphumeza amanyathelo aliqela ajolise ekuphuculeni iimeko zabo zokuhlala. La manyathelo aquka imfundo, inkqubo yezindlu nezempilo, kwakunye nokhuseleko olumandla kucalucalulo.
Ukongeza, uluntu lwaseSpain gypsy luyonwabela inkxaso yemibutho eliqela engeyiyo ekarhulumente. Le mibutho isebenzela ukuphucula iimeko zabo zokuhlala ngokubabonelela ngeenkonzo zomthetho, ezonyango nezinye. Le mibutho ikwasebenza ekulweni neengcinga ezingentle ezingqonge uluntu lwamaGypsy.
Ukongeza, urhulumente waseSpain usanda kwazisa amanyathelo okukhuthaza inkcubeko ye-gypsy kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu kunye nezopolitiko. La manyathelo aquka iinzame zokukhuthaza ukuqeshwa kwamaGypsy namaphulo okwazisa ajolise ekulweni ucalucalulo.
Ekugqibeleni, inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe malunga namalungelo ezopolitiko amaGypsies eSpain. Kwi-2011, urhulumente waseSpain wapasisa umthetho ovumayo ubume bobuhlanga baseGypsies kwaye ubanika ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo. Lo mthetho wawuyinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufakweni kwamaGypsies kuluntu lwaseSpain.
Ukuqukumbela, amathemba ekamva lamaGypsies eSpain alungile. Urhulumente waseSpain uye wasebenzisa amanyathelo ajolise ekuphuculeni iimeko zabo zokuhlala nokukhuthaza inkcubeko yabo. Ngaphezu koko, baye bafumana amalungelo ezobupolitika yaye bakhuthazwa ukuba babe nenxaxheba kubomi bezobupolitika noboluntu. Ngala manyathelo, amaGypsies eSpain aya kuba nethemba lomgangatho wobomi obungcono kunye nokuqatshelwa okukhulu kwenkcubeko yabo.