UFakhri K.
UGoogle, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft… Izigebenga ezintlanu zeSilicon Valley esizichazayo namhlanje ngegama elithi GAFAM. Itekhnoloji entsha, imali, i-fintech, impilo, iimoto… Akukho ndawo zibalekayo. Ubutyebi babo maxa wambi bunokodlula obo bamazwe athile ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho.
Ukuba ucinga ukuba i-GAFAM ikhona kuphela kwitekhnoloji entsha, awulunganga! Ezi zigebenga zintlanu zeTekhnoloji ePhakamileyo zityale imali kwabanye, zide ziye kuthi ga ngoku ekuphuhliseni iiyunivesiti, ezinje ngeprojekthi. IMetaverse yeMeta, inkampani yomzali Facebook. Kwiminyaka engama-20, ezi nkampani zithathe indawo ephambili.
Ngamnye kubo unemali yemalike engaphezulu kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ngapha koko, ilingana nobutyebi baseNetherlands (GDP) nangona kunjalo ibekwe kwindawo ye-000 yelizwe elityebileyo kwihlabathi. Ziziphi ii-GAFAM? Yintoni echaza ukongama kwabo? Uya kubona ukuba libali elinika umdla, kodwa eliye laphakamisa inkxalabo eninzi macala omabini.
Uluhlu lwangaphakathi
I-GAFAM, yintoni?
“Isihlanu Esikhulu” kunye “ne-GAFAM” ke ngoko ngamagama amabini asetyenziswayo ukuchaza Uphando, iapile, KuFacebook, Amazon et Microsoft. Ngabo ubunzima obungenakuphikiswa beSilicon Valley kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngokudibeneyo, zizonke iimalike zentengiso eziphantse zibe yi-4,5 yeetriliyoni zeedola. Bakolona luhlu lukhethiweyo lweenkampani zaseMelika ezicatshulwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, bonke bakhona kwi NASDAQ, imarike yaseMelika egcinelwe iinkampani zobuchwepheshe.
Ii-GAFAMs zikaGoogle, iAmazon, iFacebook, iApple kunye neMicrosoft zezona nkampani zintlanu zinamandla ehlabathini ngokwemali yorhwebo. Ezi zigebenga zintlanu zedijithali zilawula amacandelo amaninzi emarike ye-Intanethi, kwaye amandla azo akhula minyaka le.
Injongo yabo icacile: ukudibanisa ngokuthe nkqo imarike ye-Intanethi, ukuqala ngamacandelo aqhelekileyo kubo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ukongeza umxholo, usetyenziso, imithombo yeendaba zentlalo, iinjini zokukhangela, izixhobo zokufikelela kunye neziseko zonxibelelwano ngefowuni.
Ezi nkampani sele zibambe kakhulu kwimarike ye-Intanethi, kwaye amandla azo ayaqhubeka nokukhula. Bayakwazi ukumisela imigangatho yabo kwaye bakhuthaze iinkonzo kunye neemveliso ezibalungeleyo. Ukongeza, baneendlela zokuxhasa ngemali kwaye bafumane ezona qalo zithembisayo, ukuze bandise ubukhosi babo bedijithali.
Ii-GAFAM ziye zayimfuneko kubasebenzisi abaninzi be-Intanethi, kodwa amandla abo ahlala egxekwa. Ngokwenene, ezi nkampani ziphantse zibe nolawulo olupheleleyo kumacandelo athile emarike ye-Intanethi, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekusebenziseni kakubi amandla kunye nezenzo zokungakhuphisani. Ukongeza, ukukwazi kwabo ukuqokelela kunye nokusebenza kwedatha yobuqu yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi bahlala begxekwa njengohlaselo lwabucala. e
Ngaphandle kokugxekwa, ii-GAFAM ziyaqhubeka nokulawula imarike ye-Intanethi kwaye oku akunakwenzeka ukuba kutshintshe kwixesha elizayo. Ezi nkampani ziye zabaluleka kubasebenzisi abaninzi be-Intanethi, kwaye kunzima ukucinga ngekamva ngaphandle kwabo.
IPO
I-Apple yeyona nkampani indala ye-GAFAM ngokwe-IPO. Yasekwa kwi-1976 yi-iconic uSteve Jobs, yahamba esidlangalaleni kwi-1980. Emva koko kwafika iMicrosoft evela kwiBill Gates (1986), i-Amazon evela kuJeff Bezos (1997), iGoogle esuka kuLarry Page kunye noSergey Brin (2004) kunye ne-Facebook nguMark Zuckerberg (2012) ).
Iimveliso kunye namacandelo oshishino
Ekuqaleni, iinkampani ze-GAFAM zagxila kubuchwephesha obutsha, ngokukodwa ngokuveliswa kweenkqubo zokusebenza - eziphathwayo okanye ezisisigxina - iikhomputha okanye iitheminali ezihambayo ezifana nee-smartphones, iipilisi kunye neewotshi ezixhunyiwe. Zikwafumaneka nakwimpilo, ukusasaza okanye nakwimoto.
Ukhuphiswano
Ngapha koko, i-GAFAM ayikuphela kweqela leefemu ezikhoyo. Abanye baye bavela, njenge-FAANG. Sifumana Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Google kunye Netflix. Kweli qela, isigebenga sosasazo ke ngoko sithathe indawo yenkampani yakwaRedmond. Kwelinye icala, iNetflix kuphela kwefemu ejolise kubathengi xa isiza kumxholo wemultimedia, nangona iAmazon kunye-mhlawumbi iApple - ilandele. Sicinga, ngakumbi, ngeVidiyo yeNkulumbuso yeAmazon. Sikwathetha nangeNATU. Ngokwenxalenye yalo, eli qela libandakanya iNetflix, i-Airbnb, iTesla kunye ne-Uber.
I-GAFAM, ubukhosi obakhiwe ngelitye ngelitye
Ukwandiswa okuphambeneyo kwemisebenzi yabo kuye kwatyhala iinkampani ze-GAFAM ukuba zakhe ubukhosi bokwenyani. Oku kusekwe kubuninzi bezinto ezithengiweyo ezenziwe ngezabelo kunye nezinye ziifemu zaseMelika.
Enyanisweni, sifumana ipateni efanayo. Ekuqaleni, ii-GAFAM zaqala ngetekhnoloji entsha. Emva koko, iifemu zandisa iintente zazo ngokufumana ezinye iinkampani ezisebenza kwezinye iindawo.
Umzekelo weAmazon
Ukuqala iAmazon kwiofisi encinci elula, uJeff Bezos wayengumthengisi weencwadi olula kwi-Intanethi. Namhlanje, inkampani yakhe iye yaba yinkokeli engathandabuzekiyo kwi-e-commerce. Ukufezekisa oku, yenze imisebenzi emininzi yokuthatha, njengokufunyanwa kweZappos.
IAmazon iphinde yabalasela ekusasazweni kweemveliso zokutya, emva kokuba ifumene i-Whole Foods Market ngesixa esincinci se-13,7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ikwafumaneka kwi-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT), iLifu kunye nokusasaza (i-Amazon Prime).
Umzekelo we-Apple
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, inkampani yeCupertino ifumene iinkampani eziphantse zibe yi-14 ezikhethekileyo kukubhadla okungeyonyani ukusukela ngo-2013. Ezi nkampani zazikwayingcali ekuqaphelisweni kobuso, abancedisi benyani kunye nesoftware ezenzekelayo.
I-Apple iphinde yafumana i-Beats yeengcali zesandi kwi-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (2014). Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, i-brand ye-Apple yazenzela indawo ebalulekileyo kumculo wokusasaza ngeApple Music. Ngaloo ndlela iba ngumkhuphisana onzulu weSpotify.
Umzekelo kaGoogle
Ifem yaseMountain View nayo inesabelo sayo sokuthengwa kwempahla. Ngapha koko, uninzi lweemveliso esizaziyo namhlanje (iGoogle Doc, Google Earth) zazalwa kolu thatho. UGoogle wenza ingxolo eninzi nge-Android. Ifemu yafumana i-OS ngo-2005 ngesixa-mali se-50 yezigidi zeedola.
Umdla kaGoogle awupheli apho. Inkampani ikwazimisele ukoyisa ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, iinkampani zamafu kunye nemephu.
Umzekelo we-Facebook
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-Facebook yayingabawa kangako kunezinye iinkampani ze-GAFAM. Inkampani kaMark Zuckerberg nangona kunjalo yenze imisebenzi ekrelekrele, njengokufumana i-AboutFace, Instagram okanye Snapchat. Namhlanje, le nkampani ibizwa ngokuba yiMeta. Ayisafuni ukumela inethiwekhi yentlalo elula. Kwakhona, ngoku ugxile kwiMetaverse kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa.
Umzekelo weMicrosoft
NjengoFacebook, iMicrosoft ayinyoluki kakhulu xa kuziwa ekuthengeni inkampani ethile. Ngokukodwa kumdlalo apho inkampani yaseRedmond iziqhelanise nayo, ngakumbi ngokufumana iMinecraft kunye nesitudiyo sayo seMojang nge-2,5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Kwakukho nokufumana i-Activision Blizzard - nokuba lo msebenzi ungomxholo weengxabano ezithile -.
Kutheni oku kufunyanwa?
“Fumana ngaphezulu ukuze ufumane imali ethe chatha”… Enyanisweni, kufana noko. Oku kungaphezu kwayo yonke isicwangciso sokhetho. Ngokuthenga ezi nkampani, ii-GAFAMs ngaphezu kwazo zonke ziye zahlutha amalungelo awodwa abenzi abalulekileyo. I-Big Five nayo idibanise amaqela eenjineli kunye nezakhono ezaziwayo.
I-oligarchy?
Noko ke, licebo elingumxholo wempikiswano enkulu. Ngokwenene, kwabanye abakhi-mkhanyo, esi sisisombululo esilula. Ukungaphumeleli ukukwazi ukwenza izinto ezintsha, i-Big Five ikhetha ukuthenga iinkampani ezithembisayo.
Imisebenzi engabahlawuli “nto” ngenxa yamandla abo emali. Ngoko ke abanye bayawagxeka amandla emali nomnqweno wokuphelisa lonke ukhuphiswano. Yimeko yokwenyani ye-oligarchy ebekwe endaweni, nayo yonke into ethetha ngayo ...
Ukufunda: Imele ntoni i-acronym DC? Iimuvi, iTikTok, isifinyezo, uNyango, kunye neWashington, DC
Amandla apheleleyo kunye ne "Big Brother" ingxabano
Ukuba kukho umbandela ovusa ngokwenene ukugxekwa, yinto yolawulo lwedatha yomntu. Iifoto, iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, amagama, izinto ezikhethwayo… Le yimigodi yegolide yokwenene yezigebenga ze-GAFAM. Baphinde baba ngamaxhoba amahlazo amaninzi angcolise igama labo.
Ukuvuza kumaphephandaba, ubungqina obungaziwa kunye nezityholo ezahlukeneyo ziye zachaphazela uFacebook. Inkampani kaMark Zuckerberg ityholwa ngokusebenzisa kakubi idatha yomuntu siqu yabasebenzisi bayo. Ngaphezu koko, ngoMeyi 2022, umseki wenethiwekhi yoluntu waviwa nguBulungisa baseMelika. Yayiyinyani engazange ibonwe ngaphambili eyabangela ukuba kuphume inki eninzi.
Isiphumo "soBhuti Omkhulu".
Ngaba ke singathetha ngesiphumo "soMzalwana omkhulu"? Le yokugqibela, njengesikhumbuzo, imele ingqikelelo yovavanyo lolawulo oluchazwe nguGeorges Orwell kwi. inoveli yakhe edumileyo yombono ka-1984. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo ziyinxalenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla namhlanje. Ziqulathe ezona mfihlo zethu zisenyongweni.
Ii-GAFAM zityholwa ngokuxhaphaza le datha ixabisekileyo ukubeka iliso kubasebenzisi bazo. Injongo, ngokutsho kwabagxeki, ibiya kuba kukuthengisa olu lwazi kwabo bathengisiweyo baphezulu, njengabathengisi okanye amanye amashishini ezorhwebo.
